Phytosynthesis of BiVO(4) nanorods using Hyphaene thebaica for diverse biomedical applications

Biosynthesis of bismuth vanadate (BiVO(4)) nanorods was performed using dried fruit extracts of Hyphaene thebaica as a cost effective reducing and stabilizing agent. XRD, DRS, FTIR, zeta potential, Raman, HR-SEM, HR-TEM, EDS and SAED were used to study the main physical properties while the biological properties were established by performing diverse assays. The zeta potential is reported as − 5.21 mV. FTIR indicated Bi–O and V–O vibrations at 640 cm(−1) and 700 cm(−1)/1120 cm(−1). Characteristic Raman modes were observed at 166 cm(−1), 325 cm(−1) and 787 cm(−1). High resolution scanning and transmission electron micrographs revealed a rod like morphology of the BiVO(4). Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Fusarium solani indicated highest susceptibility to the different doses of BiVO(4) nanorods. Significant protein kinase inhibition is reported for BiVO(4) nanorods which suggests their potential anticancer properties. The nanorods revealed good DPPH free radical scavenging potential (48%) at 400 µg/mL while total antioxidant capacity of 59.8 µg AAE/mg was revealed at 400 µg/mL. No antiviral activity is reported on sabin like polio virus. Overall excellent biological properties are reported. We have shown that green synthesis can replace well established processes for synthesizing BiVO(4) nanorods.