Swelling suppression of black cotton soil by means of liquid immersion and surface modification

Although the surface organic modification of smectite has been investigated widely, the swelling behavior of clays has been scarcely studied with consideration of civil engineering applications. In this work a facile strategy of liquid-immersion (dilute H(2)SO(4) aqeuous solution) was proposed, and the 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) was utilized as surface modifier to suppress expansibility of black cotton soil (BCS) which is a type of highly swelling soils in tropical areas. Factors such as the incorporation dosage of APS, surface characters of soil treated by solution of H(2)SO(4) or Na(2)CO(3), and reaction temperatures/time were investigated to get lower swelling ratios. The treatment of BCS by H(2)SO(4) was found more effective in immobilizing APS molecules, and hydronium ions were suppressed after the APS modification. The free swelling index (FSI) of BCS was decreased from 120% to 15% after treatment with H(2)SO(4) and appropriate amount of APS modification. The reaction can be completed within several hours at the room temperature to ~80 °C. The soil samples were characterized by different means including the X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis and Zeta potential measurements. The APS molecules were found to react with –OH groups of the clay, and the hydrophobic groups provide surface hydrophobicity, which prevents hydration of cations within clay minerals. The APS was indicated to re-constructed lamellar structures of smectites after H(2)SO(4) treatment, which suppressed the intra-crystalline and the subsequent osmotic swelling. This research highlights the liquid immersion and surface modification is applicable in diminishing swelling ratios of highly expansive black cotton soil.