The Impact of High-mobility Group Box Mutation of T-cell Factor 4 on Its Genomic Binding Pattern in Non–small Cell Lung Cancer

T-cell factor 4 (TCF-4) is determined to play a crucial role in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. The mutations and alternative splice isoforms of TCF-4 can cause cancers and other diseases. The high-mobility group (HMG) box domain of TCF-4 contributes to interacting with DNA motif for transcriptional regulation. However, the impact of the mutations within HMG box of TCF-4 on the genomic binding pattern is poorly investigated. Herein, we generated non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549 with stably overexpressed TCF-4 with HMG box hot spot mutation (10th exon partial deletion), and conducted TCF-4 and β-catenin chromatin immunoprecipitation sequence to explore the differential genomic binding patterns. Our results revealed that TCF-4 lost 19365 but gained 1724 peaks, and β-catenin lost 4035 but gained 5287 peaks upon mutant TCF-4 compared with the wild type (log2FC > 1 or < -1, FDR<0.01). The transcriptional levels of the genes associated with these differential peaks such as H3F3C, KRT1, KRT14, MMp1, and MMP15 were all found to strongly change responding to TCF-4 binding (P < 0.05). Furthermore, A549 cells with TCF-4 mutation displayed a more compromising tumor characterization on cell proliferation and invasion. Our data determined the important role of TCF-4 in gene transcription controlling and provided the gain function evidence of TCF-4 caused by the TCF-4 mutation in NSCLC.