Cardiac self-efficacy and quality of life in patients with coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional study from Palestine

BACKGROUND: Psychological factors, such as self-efficacy, are important in understanding the progress and management of coronary heart disease (CHD), and how patients make lifestyle modifications to compensate for the disease. The main objectives of this research are to assess patterns of cardiac self-efficacy (CSE) and quality of life (QoL) among CHD patients, and to determine the factors that affect their QoL. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was carried out between August 2016 and December 2016. We used a structured questionnaire completed by interviewers during face-to-face interviews with patients. Cardiac self-efficacy was evaluated using three scales: 1) the 5-item perceived efficacy in patient- physician interaction scale (PEPPI-5); 2) the self-efficacy for managing chronic diseases 6-item scale (SEMCD-6) and 3) Sullivan’s cardiac self-efficacy scale 13-items (SCSES). The 5-level version of the EuroQoL 5-dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D-5 L), and Euroqol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ VAS) were used to evaluate health-related QoL (HRQoL) among CHD patients. Multiple binary logistic regression was carried out to evaluate the influence on the QoL score of demographic and medical characteristics, and self-efficacy factors. RESULTS: A total of 275 patients participated in our study. The patients’ mean age was 59.51 ± 1.005 years. The HRQoL was measured by the EQ-5D-5 L index score and EQ-VAS score; their means were 0.62 ± 0.16 and 57.44 ± 1.61, respectively. The QoL showed moderate positive correlations with the PEPPI-5 (r = 0.419; p-value < 0.001), SEMCD-6 (r = 0.419; p-value < 0.001), and SCSES score (r = 0.273; p-value < 0.001). Multiple binary logistic regression showed that only patients with higher PEPPI-5 score (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.01–1.22; p = 0.036), and higher SCSES score (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.03–1.17; p = 0.004) were significantly associated with a high QoL score. Moreover, multiple binary logistic regression model showed that patients with higher numbers of medications (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.07–0.78); p = 0.018) remained significantly associated with impaired QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of self-efficacy and poorer patient-physician interactions predicted poor HRQoL. Thus, health providers should be aware of these factors in CHD patients when trying to improve their QoL.