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The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Due to the recent increase in reports of the prevalence of keel bone damage in laying hens, this has become a topic of welfare concern. Keel bone damage is often in the form of a fracture, and therefore may compromise the hen’s welfare. Detecting keel bone damage in live hens has bee...

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Autores principales: Tracy, Linnea M., Temple, S. Mieko, Bennett, Darin C., Sprayberry, Kim A., Makagon, Maja M., Blatchford, Richard A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6912489/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683826
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110894
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author Tracy, Linnea M.
Temple, S. Mieko
Bennett, Darin C.
Sprayberry, Kim A.
Makagon, Maja M.
Blatchford, Richard A.
author_facet Tracy, Linnea M.
Temple, S. Mieko
Bennett, Darin C.
Sprayberry, Kim A.
Makagon, Maja M.
Blatchford, Richard A.
author_sort Tracy, Linnea M.
collection PubMed
description SIMPLE SUMMARY: Due to the recent increase in reports of the prevalence of keel bone damage in laying hens, this has become a topic of welfare concern. Keel bone damage is often in the form of a fracture, and therefore may compromise the hen’s welfare. Detecting keel bone damage in live hens has been problematic, as the bone must either be palpated, which is a measure poor in accuracy, or dissected, in which case the hen must be sacrificed. However, use of imaging technology is increasing in experimental studies. We set out to determine if training with feedback on accuracy could improve palpation accuracy, as well as to determine the accuracy of portable radiography and sonography to detect keel bone damage. Even with feedback, palpation remained an inaccurate method, while both radiography and sonography showed high accuracy for detecting fractures. These two techniques show promise in detecting keel bone fractures in live birds. ABSTRACT: Palpation is the most popular method of measuring keel bone damage on live birds, although it has been criticized for being subjective and inaccurate. The goals of this study were to examine intra- and inter-rater reliability when trained with feedback of accuracy, as well as determine the accuracy of portable radiography and sonography. Four evaluators palpated 50 103-week old Lohmann LSL-lite hens immediately following euthanasia. Of those birds, 34 were then radiographed, sonographed, and all 50 were re-palpated. Lastly, the keels were dissected and scored. The presence of deviations (DEV), fractures (FR), and tip fractures (TFR) was scored for each method. Reliability of palpation was analyzed using Cronbach’s Alpha (intra) and Fleiss’ Kappa (inter) tests. Radiography and Sonography scores were further compared with dissection scores to determine sensitivity and specificity. Initial inter-observer reliability was 0.39 DEV, 0.53 FR, and 0.12 TFR, with similar scores for the second round of palpation. Scores for intra-observer reliability ranged from 0.58–0.79 DEV, 0.66–0.90 FR, and 0.37–0.87 TFR. A high prevalence of TFR, but low assessor agreement, warrants the development of specialized training for the palpation of this area. Both radiography and sonography showed relatively high sensitivity for FR and TFR, but low for DEV. On the other hand, specificity was generally high across all damage types. Even with feedback, palpation reliability was poor. However, portable radiography and sonography show promise for detecting keel fractures.
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spelling pubmed-69124892020-01-02 The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage Tracy, Linnea M. Temple, S. Mieko Bennett, Darin C. Sprayberry, Kim A. Makagon, Maja M. Blatchford, Richard A. Animals (Basel) Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: Due to the recent increase in reports of the prevalence of keel bone damage in laying hens, this has become a topic of welfare concern. Keel bone damage is often in the form of a fracture, and therefore may compromise the hen’s welfare. Detecting keel bone damage in live hens has been problematic, as the bone must either be palpated, which is a measure poor in accuracy, or dissected, in which case the hen must be sacrificed. However, use of imaging technology is increasing in experimental studies. We set out to determine if training with feedback on accuracy could improve palpation accuracy, as well as to determine the accuracy of portable radiography and sonography to detect keel bone damage. Even with feedback, palpation remained an inaccurate method, while both radiography and sonography showed high accuracy for detecting fractures. These two techniques show promise in detecting keel bone fractures in live birds. ABSTRACT: Palpation is the most popular method of measuring keel bone damage on live birds, although it has been criticized for being subjective and inaccurate. The goals of this study were to examine intra- and inter-rater reliability when trained with feedback of accuracy, as well as determine the accuracy of portable radiography and sonography. Four evaluators palpated 50 103-week old Lohmann LSL-lite hens immediately following euthanasia. Of those birds, 34 were then radiographed, sonographed, and all 50 were re-palpated. Lastly, the keels were dissected and scored. The presence of deviations (DEV), fractures (FR), and tip fractures (TFR) was scored for each method. Reliability of palpation was analyzed using Cronbach’s Alpha (intra) and Fleiss’ Kappa (inter) tests. Radiography and Sonography scores were further compared with dissection scores to determine sensitivity and specificity. Initial inter-observer reliability was 0.39 DEV, 0.53 FR, and 0.12 TFR, with similar scores for the second round of palpation. Scores for intra-observer reliability ranged from 0.58–0.79 DEV, 0.66–0.90 FR, and 0.37–0.87 TFR. A high prevalence of TFR, but low assessor agreement, warrants the development of specialized training for the palpation of this area. Both radiography and sonography showed relatively high sensitivity for FR and TFR, but low for DEV. On the other hand, specificity was generally high across all damage types. Even with feedback, palpation reliability was poor. However, portable radiography and sonography show promise for detecting keel fractures. MDPI 2019-11-01 /pmc/articles/PMC6912489/ /pubmed/31683826 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110894 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Tracy, Linnea M.
Temple, S. Mieko
Bennett, Darin C.
Sprayberry, Kim A.
Makagon, Maja M.
Blatchford, Richard A.
The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage
title The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage
title_full The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage
title_fullStr The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage
title_full_unstemmed The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage
title_short The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage
title_sort reliability and accuracy of palpation, radiography, and sonography for the detection of keel bone damage
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6912489/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683826
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110894
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