Mahout Perspectives on Asian Elephants and Their Living Conditions

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Mahouts, often known as elephant handlers, or by other terms, such as oozie in Myanmar, work closely with captive Asian elephants in elephant range countries. This work usually involves taking responsibility for just one elephant. The daily tasks of mahouts can include feeding, cleaning or bathing elephants, treating minor medical conditions, participating in training, and riding elephants in order for them to achieve specific tasks, such as transportation of materials, religious functions, or tourism activities. Because of their close interactions with elephants, mahouts have knowledge of elephants that stretches from the cultural to the behavioral and ecological. In this study, I interviewed mahouts in their own languages with a translator, using a mix of short and open-ended questions. The second kind of questions allowed mahouts to elaborate in as much detail as they wanted on their experience. The methods allowed me to collect perspectives on welfare and the associations with elephants in Nepal. I also asked questions about how long they had worked with elephants and how many elephants they worked with. The mahouts were not a uniform group, with differences in age, experience, and perspectives. The mahouts gave their most extensive comments when discussing elephant welfare, particularly on the use of fenced enclosures versus chains, elephant diet, and interactions with domestic animals. The input of mahouts could be useful for proposing and implementing plans for elephant welfare in range countries. ABSTRACT: The skills, knowledge, and expertise of mahouts have been recognized by organizations and individual managers who are responsible for captive elephants and by academics, where they have been a source of studies from the ethnographic to animal behavior research. In this study, I used semi-structured interviews in local languages to explore individual experiences of mahouts in Nepal. I also investigated perspectives on elephant welfare, including the use of corral (fenced) enclosures. I undertook a further key informant interview in English to gain more discursive perspectives on the topics. Our results revealed that mahouts at the study site are unlikely to come from multi-generational families of mahouts. All mahouts referenced the religious significance of elephants in their country when describing broader local perspectives. Many mahouts explained both positive and negative implications for differing strategies in housing captive elephants, often balanced the competing interests of elephant welfare with their own need for elephants to follow verbal communication, and their responsibility for the safety of the elephants, other staff, and tourists. The fine-balancing perspectives of mahouts, taking both humans and elephants into account, underlines their role as an important source of knowledge of captive Asian elephants in range countries, and their potential role as co-producers of research linked to welfare. This approach could also be of relevance to the welfare of ex-situ Asian elephants.