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Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon

Assessment of Sea Salt (SS) and Non-Sea Salt (NSS) aerosols in rainwater is important to understand the characterization of marine and continental aerosols and their source pathways. Sea salt quantification based on standard seawater ratios are primarily constrained with high uncertainty with its ow...

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Autores principales: Yang, L., Mukherjee, S., Pandithurai, G., Waghmare, V., Safai, P. D.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6915755/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31844084
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55245-0
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author Yang, L.
Mukherjee, S.
Pandithurai, G.
Waghmare, V.
Safai, P. D.
author_facet Yang, L.
Mukherjee, S.
Pandithurai, G.
Waghmare, V.
Safai, P. D.
author_sort Yang, L.
collection PubMed
description Assessment of Sea Salt (SS) and Non-Sea Salt (NSS) aerosols in rainwater is important to understand the characterization of marine and continental aerosols and their source pathways. Sea salt quantification based on standard seawater ratios are primarily constrained with high uncertainty with its own limitations. Here, by the novelty of k-mean clustering and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, we segregate the air masses into two distinct clusters (oceanic and continental) during summer monsoon period signifying the complex intermingle of sources that act concomitantly. The rainwater composition during strong south-westerly wind regimes (cluster 2-oceanic) was profoundly linked with high sea salt and dust, whereas north-westerly low wind regimes (cluster 1-continental) showed an increase in SO(4)(2−) and NO(3)(−). However, SO(4)(2−) abundance over NO(3)(−) in rain-water depicted its importance as a major acidifying ion at the region. The satellite-based observations indicate the presence of mid-tropospheric dust at the top (3–5 km) and marine sea salt at bottom acts as a “sandwich effect” for maritime clouds that leads to elevated Ca(2+), Na(+), Mg(2+), and Cl(−) in rainwater. This characteristic feature is unique as sea spray generation due to high surface winds and dust aloft is only seen during this period. Furthermore, four source factors (secondary inorganic aerosol, mixed dust & sea salt, biomass burning & fertilizer use, and calcium neutralization) derived from PMF analysis showed contribution from local activities as well as long-range transport as dominant sources for the rainwater species.
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spelling pubmed-69157552019-12-18 Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon Yang, L. Mukherjee, S. Pandithurai, G. Waghmare, V. Safai, P. D. Sci Rep Article Assessment of Sea Salt (SS) and Non-Sea Salt (NSS) aerosols in rainwater is important to understand the characterization of marine and continental aerosols and their source pathways. Sea salt quantification based on standard seawater ratios are primarily constrained with high uncertainty with its own limitations. Here, by the novelty of k-mean clustering and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, we segregate the air masses into two distinct clusters (oceanic and continental) during summer monsoon period signifying the complex intermingle of sources that act concomitantly. The rainwater composition during strong south-westerly wind regimes (cluster 2-oceanic) was profoundly linked with high sea salt and dust, whereas north-westerly low wind regimes (cluster 1-continental) showed an increase in SO(4)(2−) and NO(3)(−). However, SO(4)(2−) abundance over NO(3)(−) in rain-water depicted its importance as a major acidifying ion at the region. The satellite-based observations indicate the presence of mid-tropospheric dust at the top (3–5 km) and marine sea salt at bottom acts as a “sandwich effect” for maritime clouds that leads to elevated Ca(2+), Na(+), Mg(2+), and Cl(−) in rainwater. This characteristic feature is unique as sea spray generation due to high surface winds and dust aloft is only seen during this period. Furthermore, four source factors (secondary inorganic aerosol, mixed dust & sea salt, biomass burning & fertilizer use, and calcium neutralization) derived from PMF analysis showed contribution from local activities as well as long-range transport as dominant sources for the rainwater species. Nature Publishing Group UK 2019-12-16 /pmc/articles/PMC6915755/ /pubmed/31844084 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55245-0 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Article
Yang, L.
Mukherjee, S.
Pandithurai, G.
Waghmare, V.
Safai, P. D.
Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon
title Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon
title_full Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon
title_fullStr Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon
title_full_unstemmed Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon
title_short Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon
title_sort influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the western ghats during summer monsoon
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6915755/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31844084
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55245-0
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