Serum coiled-coil domain containing 25 protein as a potential screening/diagnostic biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma

Coiled-coil domain containing 25 (CCDC25) was previously reported to be upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. The present study investigated whether serum CCDC25 level may be used as a potential marker for the diagnosis of CCA. Bioinformatics tools were used to reveal that CCDC25 is secreted into plasma/serum via a non-conventional pathway, which secretes proteins independently from the endoplasmic reticulum/golgi complex, but is yet to be fully elucidated. Subsequently, the CCDC25 levels in the sera of patients with CCA (n=141), patients with benign biliary disease (BBD; n=53) and healthy controls (HC; n=72) were measured using a quantitative dot blot assay based on the standard curve created using recombinant CCDC25 protein. The results demonstrated that the serum CCDC25 level in the CCA group (0.28±0.06 ng/µl) was significantly higher compared with that in the BBD (0.15±0.03 ng/µl) or HC (0.0017±0.0008 ng/µl) groups. Serum CCDC25 level provided an improved resolution (P=0.0001) compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (P=0.098) or carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (P=0.271) for the differential diagnosis between BBD and CCA. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed high sensitivity and specificity of serum CCDC25 level to differentiate between patients with CCA and HC (93.0 and 100%, respectively), and also to differentiate between patients with CCA and patients with BBD (75.0 and 84.0%, respectively). CCDC25 expression was further investigated in 23 CCA tissues, and CCDC25 expression in cancer tissues was moderately correlated with the serum CCDC25 level (r(2)=0.52, P=0.01). Among patients with CCA, serum CCDC25 level was significantly higher in patients with non-metastatic CCA compared with patients with metastatic CCA. Correspondingly, a higher serum CCDC25 level was associated with a longer overall survival time in patients with CCA. In conclusion, serum CCDC25 level may be a promising screening and diagnostic marker for the differential diagnosis of CCA.