Posterior lamellar versus bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery for trachomatous trichiasis: Long-term outcomes from a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND: We re-examined the participants of a clinical trial four years after enrolment to identify which of the two most commonly used eyelid surgery procedures to treat the blinding stage of trachoma (trachomatous trichiasis, TT), the posterior Lamellar Tarsal Rotation (PLTR) and Billamelar Tarsal Rotation (BLTR), gives better results in the long-term. METHODS: A randomised, controlled, single masked clinical trial was done in Ethiopia. At baseline, adults (aged >18 years with upper lid unoperated TT were recruited from a community-based screening. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1), to either BLTR or PLTR surgery, stratified by surgeon. At 4 years an independent assessor masked to allocation examined the trial participants’ eyes using the same procedures as for the baseline and earlier follow-ups. The primary outcome was the proportion of individuals who had recurrence (postoperative TT, PTT) at the 4-year examination, or a history of repeat surgery in the 4-year period. The intervention effect was estimated by logistic regression, controlled for surgeon as a fixed effect in the model. The trial is registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (number PACTR201401000743135). FINDINGS: 1000 participants with TT were enrolled, randomly assigned, and treated (501 in the BLTR group and 499 in the PLTR group) between Feb 13, 2014, and May 31, 2014. At year 4, 943 (94.3%) participants were re-examined (471, PLTR; 472, BLTR) and included in the primary outcome analysis. PTT had developed in 169/943 (17•9%) study eyes, among which 129 (76•3%) had minor trichiasis (≤5 lashes touching the eye). PTT was significantly more frequent at 4-year in the BLTR arm (105/472 [22•2%]) than the PLTR arm (64/471 [13•6%]), adjusted OR 1•82 (95% CI, 1•29–2•56); p = 0•0006, with 8•6% (95%CI 3•8–13•5) risk difference. INTERPRETATION: The PLTR surgical procedure had superior long-term outcomes to the BLTR with significantly lower risk of PTT supporting the current WHO guideline that the PLTR should be the procedure of choice for training new surgeons in the programmatic management of TT.