Pathological and immunological analyses of Thelohanellus kitauei (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) infection in the scattered mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio

Thelohanellus kitauei is a spore-forming myxosporean parasite prevalent in scattered mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) that generates numerous cysts in the intestine and causes mass mortality in fish. To investigate the infection and mortality induced by T. kitauei in pond-reared farms in Luo-Jiang (104°51’N, 31°31’E), southwest China, morphological and molecular analyses of infected fish were conducted. Natural and specific immune indicators were further evaluated to determine the immunological effects of response to parasitic infection. The infectious parasite was identified as Thelohanellus kitauei based on morphological, 18S rDNA and infectious characteristics. Scattered mirror carp was determined as the specific intermediate host of the parasite. However, T. kitauei still caused considerable damage to the fish, in particular, injury and blockage of the intestines, resulting in malnutrition and even death. The mature spores of T. kitauei colonize the intestinal submucosa of carp and form cysts of various sizes that block the intestinal tract and release spores into the enteric cavity upon rupture, leading to the next phase of T. kitauei growth. Moreover, T. kitauei-infected carp showed weaker innate immunity. IgM is involved in the fight against parasitic infection while cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, had an impact on infection processes. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that T. kitauei infects and causes death in scattered mirror carp. Our collective findings from systematic pathology, morphology and immunology experiments provide a foundation for further research on infections by this type of parasite and development of effective treatment strategies.