Hepatotoxicity and the role of the gut-liver axis in rats after oral administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

BACKGROUND: Due to its excellent physicochemical properties and wide applications in consumer goods, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) have been increasingly exposed to the environment and the public. However, the health effects of oral exposure of TiO(2) NPs are still controversial. This study aimed to illustrate the hepatotoxicity induced by TiO(2) NPs and the underlying mechanisms. Rats were administered with TiO(2) NPs (29 nm) orally at exposure doses of 0, 2, 10, 50 mg/kg daily for 90 days. Changes in the gut microbiota and hepatic metabolomics were analyzed to explore the role of the gut-liver axis in the hepatotoxicity induced by TiO(2) NPs. RESULTS: TiO(2) NPs caused slight hepatotoxicity, including clear mitochondrial swelling, after subchronic oral exposure at 50 mg/kg. Liver metabolomics analysis showed that 29 metabolites and two metabolic pathways changed significantly in exposed rats. Glutamate, glutamine, and glutathione were the key metabolites leading the generation of energy-related metabolic disorders and imbalance of oxidation/antioxidation. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed that the diversity of gut microbiota in rats increased in a dose-dependent manner. The abundance of Lactobacillus_reuteri increased and the abundance of Romboutsia decreased significantly in feces of TiO(2) NPs-exposed rats, leading to changes of metabolic function of gut microbiota. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by gut microbiota increased significantly, which may be a key factor in the subsequent liver effects. CONCLUSIONS: TiO(2) NPs could induce slight hepatotoxicity at dose of 50 mg/kg after long-term oral exposure. The indirect pathway of the gut-liver axis, linking liver metabolism and gut microbiota, played an important role in the underlying mechanisms.