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The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment

Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential to maintain genome integrity in all eukaryotic cells, and chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy and therefore represents a hallmark of many cancers. Accurate segregation requires sister kinetochores to attach to microtubules e...

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Autores principales: Sherwin, Delaney, Wang, Yanchang
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6940769/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31817904
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246182
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author Sherwin, Delaney
Wang, Yanchang
author_facet Sherwin, Delaney
Wang, Yanchang
author_sort Sherwin, Delaney
collection PubMed
description Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential to maintain genome integrity in all eukaryotic cells, and chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy and therefore represents a hallmark of many cancers. Accurate segregation requires sister kinetochores to attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as bipolar attachment or biorientation. Recent studies have uncovered several mechanisms critical to chromosome bipolar attachment. First, a mechanism exists to ensure that the conformation of sister centromeres is biased toward bipolar attachment. Second, the phosphorylation of some kinetochore proteins destabilizes kinetochore attachment to facilitate error correction, but a protein phosphatase reverses this phosphorylation. Moreover, the activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint is regulated by kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, and this checkpoint prevents anaphase entry in response to faulty kinetochore attachment. The fine-tuned kinase/phosphatase balance at kinetochores is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Here, we discuss the function and regulation of protein phosphatases in the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment with a focus on the model organism budding yeast.
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spelling pubmed-69407692020-01-09 The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment Sherwin, Delaney Wang, Yanchang Int J Mol Sci Review Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential to maintain genome integrity in all eukaryotic cells, and chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy and therefore represents a hallmark of many cancers. Accurate segregation requires sister kinetochores to attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as bipolar attachment or biorientation. Recent studies have uncovered several mechanisms critical to chromosome bipolar attachment. First, a mechanism exists to ensure that the conformation of sister centromeres is biased toward bipolar attachment. Second, the phosphorylation of some kinetochore proteins destabilizes kinetochore attachment to facilitate error correction, but a protein phosphatase reverses this phosphorylation. Moreover, the activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint is regulated by kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, and this checkpoint prevents anaphase entry in response to faulty kinetochore attachment. The fine-tuned kinase/phosphatase balance at kinetochores is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Here, we discuss the function and regulation of protein phosphatases in the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment with a focus on the model organism budding yeast. MDPI 2019-12-07 /pmc/articles/PMC6940769/ /pubmed/31817904 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246182 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Sherwin, Delaney
Wang, Yanchang
The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment
title The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment
title_full The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment
title_fullStr The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment
title_full_unstemmed The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment
title_short The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment
title_sort opposing functions of protein kinases and phosphatases in chromosome bipolar attachment
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6940769/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31817904
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246182
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