Impact of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction on Pneumococcal Carriage and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns Among Children Aged <5 Years and Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Kenya, 2009–2013

BACKGROUND. Kenya introduced 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) among children <1 year in 2011 with catch-up vaccination among children 1–4 years in some areas. We assessed changes in pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in children <5 years and adults. METHODS. During 2009–2013, we performed annual cross-sectional pneumococcal carriage surveys in 2 sites: Kibera (children <5 years) and Lwak (children <5 years, adults). Only Lwak had catch-up vaccination. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (adults only) swabs underwent culture for pneumococci; isolates were serotyped. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on isolates from 2009 and 2013; penicillin nonsusceptible pneumococci (PNSP) was defined as penicillin-intermediate or -resistant. Changes in pneumococcal carriage by age (<1 year, 1–4 years, adults), site, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status (adults only) were calculated using modified Poisson regression, with 2009–2010 as baseline. RESULTS. We enrolled 2962 children (2073 in Kibera, 889 in Lwak) and 2590 adults (2028 HIV+, 562 HIV−). In 2013, PCV10-type carriage was 10.3% (Lwak) to 14.6% (Kibera) in children <1 year and 13.8% (Lwak) to 18.7% (Kibera) in children 1–4 years. This represents reductions of 60% and 63% among children <1 year and 52% and 60% among children 1–4 years in Kibera and Lwak, respectively. In adults, PCV10-type carriage decreased from 12.9% to 2.8% (HIV+) and from 11.8% to 0.7% (HIV−). Approximately 80% of isolates were PNSP, both in 2009 and 2013. CONCLUSIONS. PCV10-type carriage declined in children <5 years and adults post–PCV10 introduction. However, PCV10-type and PNSP carriage persisted in children regardless of catch-up vaccination.