Magnetic γFe(2)O(3)@Sh@Cu(2)O: an efficient solid-phase catalyst for reducing agent and base-free click synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles

A hybrid magnetic material γFe(2)O(3)@Sh@cu(2)O was easily prepared from Shilajit (Sh) decorated Fe(3)O(4) and copper acetate. The prepared magnetic hybrid material was fully characterized using different analysis, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). All these analysis revealed that during coating of Fe(3)O(4)@Sh using copper salt (II), synchronized redox sorption of Cu(II) to Cu(I) occurs at the same time as the oxidation of Fe(3)O(4) to γFe(2)O(3). This magnetic catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity for regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles via one pot three-component click reaction of sodium azide, terminal alkynes and benzyl halides in the absence of any reducing agent. High yields, short reaction time, high turnover number and frequency (TON = 3.5 * 10(5) and TOF = 1.0 * 10(6) h(−1) respectively), easy separation, and efficient recycling of the catalyst are the strengths of the present method. [Image: see text]