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Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective

The Crumbs complex has prominent roles in the control of apical cell polarity, in the coupling of cell density sensing to downstream cell signaling pathways, and in regulating junctional structures and cell adhesion. The Crumbs complex acts as a conductor orchestrating multiple downstream signaling...

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Autores principales: Quinn, Peter M.J., Wijnholds, Jan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6947654/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31795518
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10120987
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author Quinn, Peter M.J.
Wijnholds, Jan
author_facet Quinn, Peter M.J.
Wijnholds, Jan
author_sort Quinn, Peter M.J.
collection PubMed
description The Crumbs complex has prominent roles in the control of apical cell polarity, in the coupling of cell density sensing to downstream cell signaling pathways, and in regulating junctional structures and cell adhesion. The Crumbs complex acts as a conductor orchestrating multiple downstream signaling pathways in epithelial and neuronal tissue development. These pathways lead to the regulation of cell size, cell fate, cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, migration, mitosis, and apoptosis. In retinogenesis, these are all pivotal processes with important roles for the Crumbs complex to maintain proper spatiotemporal cell processes. Loss of Crumbs function in the retina results in loss of the stratified appearance resulting in retinal degeneration and loss of visual function. In this review, we begin by discussing the physiology of vision. We continue by outlining the processes of retinogenesis and how well this is recapitulated between the human fetal retina and human embryonic stem cell (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the functionality of in utero and preterm human fetal retina and the current level of functionality as detected in human stem cell-derived organoids. We discuss the roles of apical-basal cell polarity in retinogenesis with a focus on Leber congenital amaurosis which leads to blindness shortly after birth. Finally, we discuss Crumbs homolog (CRB)-based gene augmentation.
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spelling pubmed-69476542020-01-13 Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective Quinn, Peter M.J. Wijnholds, Jan Genes (Basel) Review The Crumbs complex has prominent roles in the control of apical cell polarity, in the coupling of cell density sensing to downstream cell signaling pathways, and in regulating junctional structures and cell adhesion. The Crumbs complex acts as a conductor orchestrating multiple downstream signaling pathways in epithelial and neuronal tissue development. These pathways lead to the regulation of cell size, cell fate, cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, migration, mitosis, and apoptosis. In retinogenesis, these are all pivotal processes with important roles for the Crumbs complex to maintain proper spatiotemporal cell processes. Loss of Crumbs function in the retina results in loss of the stratified appearance resulting in retinal degeneration and loss of visual function. In this review, we begin by discussing the physiology of vision. We continue by outlining the processes of retinogenesis and how well this is recapitulated between the human fetal retina and human embryonic stem cell (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the functionality of in utero and preterm human fetal retina and the current level of functionality as detected in human stem cell-derived organoids. We discuss the roles of apical-basal cell polarity in retinogenesis with a focus on Leber congenital amaurosis which leads to blindness shortly after birth. Finally, we discuss Crumbs homolog (CRB)-based gene augmentation. MDPI 2019-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC6947654/ /pubmed/31795518 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10120987 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Quinn, Peter M.J.
Wijnholds, Jan
Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective
title Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective
title_full Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective
title_fullStr Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective
title_full_unstemmed Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective
title_short Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective
title_sort retinogenesis of the human fetal retina: an apical polarity perspective
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6947654/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31795518
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10120987
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