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Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding
Meta-analyses have reported higher levels of coffee consumption to be associated with lower mortality. In contrast, some systematic reviews have linked coffee consumption to increased risks for lung cancer and hypertension. Given these inconsistencies, this narrative review critically evaluated the...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6949275/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31938763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz142 |
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author | Thomas, David R Hodges, Ian D |
author_facet | Thomas, David R Hodges, Ian D |
author_sort | Thomas, David R |
collection | PubMed |
description | Meta-analyses have reported higher levels of coffee consumption to be associated with lower mortality. In contrast, some systematic reviews have linked coffee consumption to increased risks for lung cancer and hypertension. Given these inconsistencies, this narrative review critically evaluated the methods and analyses of cohort studies investigating coffee and mortality. A specific focus was adjustment for confounding related to smoking, healthy and unhealthy foods, and alcohol. Assessment of 36 cohort samples showed that many did not adequately adjust for smoking. Consuming 1–5 cups of coffee per day was related to lower mortality among never smokers, in studies that adjusted for pack-years of smoking, and in studies adjusting for healthy and unhealthy foods. Possible reduced health benefits for coffee with added sugar have not been adequately investigated. Research on coffee and health should report separate analyses for never smokers, adjust for consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, and for sugar added to coffee. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6949275 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69492752020-01-14 Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding Thomas, David R Hodges, Ian D Curr Dev Nutr Review Meta-analyses have reported higher levels of coffee consumption to be associated with lower mortality. In contrast, some systematic reviews have linked coffee consumption to increased risks for lung cancer and hypertension. Given these inconsistencies, this narrative review critically evaluated the methods and analyses of cohort studies investigating coffee and mortality. A specific focus was adjustment for confounding related to smoking, healthy and unhealthy foods, and alcohol. Assessment of 36 cohort samples showed that many did not adequately adjust for smoking. Consuming 1–5 cups of coffee per day was related to lower mortality among never smokers, in studies that adjusted for pack-years of smoking, and in studies adjusting for healthy and unhealthy foods. Possible reduced health benefits for coffee with added sugar have not been adequately investigated. Research on coffee and health should report separate analyses for never smokers, adjust for consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, and for sugar added to coffee. Oxford University Press 2019-12-26 /pmc/articles/PMC6949275/ /pubmed/31938763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz142 Text en Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com |
spellingShingle | Review Thomas, David R Hodges, Ian D Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding |
title | Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding |
title_full | Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding |
title_fullStr | Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding |
title_full_unstemmed | Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding |
title_short | Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding |
title_sort | dietary research on coffee: improving adjustment for confounding |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6949275/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31938763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz142 |
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