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Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) icosahedral virus classified to be the only member in the family Amnoonviridae. Although TiLV segment-1 shares homology with the influenza C virus PB1 and has four conserved motifs similar to influenza A, B, and C polymerases...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950307/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31842425 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121152 |
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author | Chengula, Augustino Alfred Mutoloki, Stephen Evensen, Øystein Munang’andu, Hetron Mweemba |
author_facet | Chengula, Augustino Alfred Mutoloki, Stephen Evensen, Øystein Munang’andu, Hetron Mweemba |
author_sort | Chengula, Augustino Alfred |
collection | PubMed |
description | Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) icosahedral virus classified to be the only member in the family Amnoonviridae. Although TiLV segment-1 shares homology with the influenza C virus PB1 and has four conserved motifs similar to influenza A, B, and C polymerases, it is unknown whether there are other properties shared between TiLV and orthomyxovirus. In the present study, we wanted to determine whether TiLV agglutinated avian and piscine erythrocytes, and whether its replication was inhibited by lysosomotropic agents, such as ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl), as seen for orthomyxoviruses. Our findings showed that influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8 (PR8) was able to hemagglutinate turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) red blood cells (RBCs), while infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) only agglutinated Atlantic salmon, but not turkey or tilapia, RBCs. In contrast to PR8 and ISAV, TiLV did not agglutinate turkey, Atlantic salmon, or tilapia RBCs. qRT-PCR analysis showed that 30 mM NH(4)Cl, a basic lysosomotropic agent, neither inhibited nor enhanced TiLV replication in E-11 cells. There was no difference in viral quantities in the infected cells with or without NH(4)Cl treatment during virus adsorption or at 1, 2, and 3 h post-infection. Given that hemagglutinin proteins that bind RBCs also serve as ligands that bind host cells during virus entry leading to endocytosis in orthomyxoviruses, the data presented here suggest that TiLV may use mechanisms that are different from orthomyxoviruses for entry and replication in host cells. Therefore, future studies should seek to elucidate the mechanisms used by TiLV for entry into host cells and to determine its mode of replication in infected cells. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6950307 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69503072020-01-16 Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro Chengula, Augustino Alfred Mutoloki, Stephen Evensen, Øystein Munang’andu, Hetron Mweemba Viruses Article Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) icosahedral virus classified to be the only member in the family Amnoonviridae. Although TiLV segment-1 shares homology with the influenza C virus PB1 and has four conserved motifs similar to influenza A, B, and C polymerases, it is unknown whether there are other properties shared between TiLV and orthomyxovirus. In the present study, we wanted to determine whether TiLV agglutinated avian and piscine erythrocytes, and whether its replication was inhibited by lysosomotropic agents, such as ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl), as seen for orthomyxoviruses. Our findings showed that influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8 (PR8) was able to hemagglutinate turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) red blood cells (RBCs), while infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) only agglutinated Atlantic salmon, but not turkey or tilapia, RBCs. In contrast to PR8 and ISAV, TiLV did not agglutinate turkey, Atlantic salmon, or tilapia RBCs. qRT-PCR analysis showed that 30 mM NH(4)Cl, a basic lysosomotropic agent, neither inhibited nor enhanced TiLV replication in E-11 cells. There was no difference in viral quantities in the infected cells with or without NH(4)Cl treatment during virus adsorption or at 1, 2, and 3 h post-infection. Given that hemagglutinin proteins that bind RBCs also serve as ligands that bind host cells during virus entry leading to endocytosis in orthomyxoviruses, the data presented here suggest that TiLV may use mechanisms that are different from orthomyxoviruses for entry and replication in host cells. Therefore, future studies should seek to elucidate the mechanisms used by TiLV for entry into host cells and to determine its mode of replication in infected cells. MDPI 2019-12-12 /pmc/articles/PMC6950307/ /pubmed/31842425 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121152 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Chengula, Augustino Alfred Mutoloki, Stephen Evensen, Øystein Munang’andu, Hetron Mweemba Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro |
title | Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro |
title_full | Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro |
title_fullStr | Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro |
title_full_unstemmed | Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro |
title_short | Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH(4)Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro |
title_sort | tilapia lake virus does not hemagglutinate avian and piscine erythrocytes and nh(4)cl does not inhibit viral replication in vitro |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950307/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31842425 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121152 |
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