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In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production

Although performance and biomechanical evaluations are becoming more swimming-specific, dryland testing permits monitoring of a larger number of performance-related variables. However, as the degree of comparability of measurements conducted in-water and on land conditions is unclear, we aimed to as...

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Autores principales: Carvalho, Diogo D., Soares, Susana, Zacca, Rodrigo, Marinho, Daniel A., Silva, António J., Pyne, David B., Vilas-Boas, J. Paulo, Fernandes, Ricardo J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950309/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31835500
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245018
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author Carvalho, Diogo D.
Soares, Susana
Zacca, Rodrigo
Marinho, Daniel A.
Silva, António J.
Pyne, David B.
Vilas-Boas, J. Paulo
Fernandes, Ricardo J.
author_facet Carvalho, Diogo D.
Soares, Susana
Zacca, Rodrigo
Marinho, Daniel A.
Silva, António J.
Pyne, David B.
Vilas-Boas, J. Paulo
Fernandes, Ricardo J.
author_sort Carvalho, Diogo D.
collection PubMed
description Although performance and biomechanical evaluations are becoming more swimming-specific, dryland testing permits monitoring of a larger number of performance-related variables. However, as the degree of comparability of measurements conducted in-water and on land conditions is unclear, we aimed to assess the differences between force production in these two different conditions. Twelve elite swimmers performed a 30 s tethered swimming test and four isokinetic tests (shoulder and knee extension at 90 and 300°/s) to assess peak force, peak and average torque, and power symmetry index. We observed contralateral symmetry in all the tests performed, e.g., for 30 s tethered swimming and peak torque shoulder extension at 90°/s: 178 ± 50 vs. 183 ± 56 N (p = 0.38) and 95 ± 37 vs. 94 ± 35 N × m (p = 0.52). Moderate to very large direct relationships were evident between dryland testing and swimming force production (r = 0.62 to 0.96; p < 0.05). Swimmers maintained similar symmetry index values independently of the testing conditions (r = −0.06 to −0.41 and 0.04 to 0.44; p = 0.18–0.88). Asymmetries in water seems to be more related to technical constraints than muscular imbalances, but swimmers that displayed higher propulsive forces were the ones with greater force values on land. Thus, tethered swimming and isokinetic evaluations are useful for assessing muscular imbalances regarding propulsive force production and technical asymmetries.
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spelling pubmed-69503092020-01-16 In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production Carvalho, Diogo D. Soares, Susana Zacca, Rodrigo Marinho, Daniel A. Silva, António J. Pyne, David B. Vilas-Boas, J. Paulo Fernandes, Ricardo J. Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Although performance and biomechanical evaluations are becoming more swimming-specific, dryland testing permits monitoring of a larger number of performance-related variables. However, as the degree of comparability of measurements conducted in-water and on land conditions is unclear, we aimed to assess the differences between force production in these two different conditions. Twelve elite swimmers performed a 30 s tethered swimming test and four isokinetic tests (shoulder and knee extension at 90 and 300°/s) to assess peak force, peak and average torque, and power symmetry index. We observed contralateral symmetry in all the tests performed, e.g., for 30 s tethered swimming and peak torque shoulder extension at 90°/s: 178 ± 50 vs. 183 ± 56 N (p = 0.38) and 95 ± 37 vs. 94 ± 35 N × m (p = 0.52). Moderate to very large direct relationships were evident between dryland testing and swimming force production (r = 0.62 to 0.96; p < 0.05). Swimmers maintained similar symmetry index values independently of the testing conditions (r = −0.06 to −0.41 and 0.04 to 0.44; p = 0.18–0.88). Asymmetries in water seems to be more related to technical constraints than muscular imbalances, but swimmers that displayed higher propulsive forces were the ones with greater force values on land. Thus, tethered swimming and isokinetic evaluations are useful for assessing muscular imbalances regarding propulsive force production and technical asymmetries. MDPI 2019-12-10 2019-12 /pmc/articles/PMC6950309/ /pubmed/31835500 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245018 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Carvalho, Diogo D.
Soares, Susana
Zacca, Rodrigo
Marinho, Daniel A.
Silva, António J.
Pyne, David B.
Vilas-Boas, J. Paulo
Fernandes, Ricardo J.
In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production
title In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production
title_full In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production
title_fullStr In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production
title_full_unstemmed In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production
title_short In-Water and On-Land Swimmers’ Symmetry and Force Production
title_sort in-water and on-land swimmers’ symmetry and force production
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950309/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31835500
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245018
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