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Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping

Backpacks for transporting school loads are heavily utilized by children, and their mechanical advantages have been allowing children to transport heavy loads. These heavy loads may increase ground reaction forces (GRFs), which can have a negative effect on joints and bone health. The aim of this st...

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Autores principales: Barbosa, João P., Marques, Mário C., Neiva, Henrique P., Esteves, Dulce, Alonso-Martínez, Alicia M, Izquierdo, Mikel, Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo, Alvarez, Cristian, Marinho, Daniel A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950715/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31861106
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245154
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author Barbosa, João P.
Marques, Mário C.
Neiva, Henrique P.
Esteves, Dulce
Alonso-Martínez, Alicia M
Izquierdo, Mikel
Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
Alvarez, Cristian
Marinho, Daniel A.
author_facet Barbosa, João P.
Marques, Mário C.
Neiva, Henrique P.
Esteves, Dulce
Alonso-Martínez, Alicia M
Izquierdo, Mikel
Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
Alvarez, Cristian
Marinho, Daniel A.
author_sort Barbosa, João P.
collection PubMed
description Backpacks for transporting school loads are heavily utilized by children, and their mechanical advantages have been allowing children to transport heavy loads. These heavy loads may increase ground reaction forces (GRFs), which can have a negative effect on joints and bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of backpacks on the GRFs generated by children during walking, running, and jumping. Twenty-one children from the fifth (G-5, n = 9) and ninth (G-9, n = 12) grades walked, ran, and jumped over a force plate. When walking, the G-5 had GRF increments in the first (17.3%; p < 0.001) and second (15.4%; p < 0.001) peak magnitude, and in the total integral of the vertical force (20%; p < 0.001), compared to the control condition (i.e., no backpack), and the G-9 had increments of 10.4%, 9%, and 9% (p < 0.001), respectively. The G-9 did not prolong their total stance time (p > 0.05), unlike the G-5 (p = 0.001). When running, total stance time increased 15% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001) proportionally to the relative load carried, in the G-5 and G-9, respectively. Peak GRF did not increase in any group when running or landing from a jump over an obstacle. It was found that GRF was affected by the backpack load when walking and running. However, when landing from a jump with the backpack, schoolchildren smoothed the landing by prolonging the reception time and thus avoiding GRF peak magnitudes.
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spelling pubmed-69507152020-01-16 Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping Barbosa, João P. Marques, Mário C. Neiva, Henrique P. Esteves, Dulce Alonso-Martínez, Alicia M Izquierdo, Mikel Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo Alvarez, Cristian Marinho, Daniel A. Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Backpacks for transporting school loads are heavily utilized by children, and their mechanical advantages have been allowing children to transport heavy loads. These heavy loads may increase ground reaction forces (GRFs), which can have a negative effect on joints and bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of backpacks on the GRFs generated by children during walking, running, and jumping. Twenty-one children from the fifth (G-5, n = 9) and ninth (G-9, n = 12) grades walked, ran, and jumped over a force plate. When walking, the G-5 had GRF increments in the first (17.3%; p < 0.001) and second (15.4%; p < 0.001) peak magnitude, and in the total integral of the vertical force (20%; p < 0.001), compared to the control condition (i.e., no backpack), and the G-9 had increments of 10.4%, 9%, and 9% (p < 0.001), respectively. The G-9 did not prolong their total stance time (p > 0.05), unlike the G-5 (p = 0.001). When running, total stance time increased 15% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001) proportionally to the relative load carried, in the G-5 and G-9, respectively. Peak GRF did not increase in any group when running or landing from a jump over an obstacle. It was found that GRF was affected by the backpack load when walking and running. However, when landing from a jump with the backpack, schoolchildren smoothed the landing by prolonging the reception time and thus avoiding GRF peak magnitudes. MDPI 2019-12-17 2019-12 /pmc/articles/PMC6950715/ /pubmed/31861106 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245154 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Barbosa, João P.
Marques, Mário C.
Neiva, Henrique P.
Esteves, Dulce
Alonso-Martínez, Alicia M
Izquierdo, Mikel
Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
Alvarez, Cristian
Marinho, Daniel A.
Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping
title Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping
title_full Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping
title_fullStr Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping
title_short Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping
title_sort effects of backpacks on ground reaction forces in children of different ages when walking, running, and jumping
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950715/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31861106
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245154
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