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Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses

This study reports and characterises two novel distinct lineages of foamy viruses (FVs) in the forms of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Several closely related elements were found in the genome of oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) and other was found in the genome of spine-bellied sea snake (Hydroph...

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Autor principal: Aiewsakun, Pakorn
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6955096/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31942244
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/vez057
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author Aiewsakun, Pakorn
author_facet Aiewsakun, Pakorn
author_sort Aiewsakun, Pakorn
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description This study reports and characterises two novel distinct lineages of foamy viruses (FVs) in the forms of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Several closely related elements were found in the genome of oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) and other was found in the genome of spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis hardwickii), designated ERV-Spuma.N-Cbo (where 'N' runs from one to thirteen) and ERV-Spuma.1-Hha, respectively. This discovery of avian and serpentine endogenous FVs adds snakes, and perhaps more crucially, birds to the list of currently known hosts of FVs, in addition to mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. This indicates that FVs are, or at least were, capable of infecting all major lineages of vertebrates. Moreover, together with other FVs, phylogenetic analyses showed that both of them are most closely related to mammalian FVs. Further examination revealed that reptilian FVs form a deep paraphyletic group that is basal to mammalian and avian FVs, suggesting that there were multiple ancient FV cross-class transmissions among their hosts. Evolutionary timescales of various FV lineages were estimated in this study, in particular, the timescales of reptilian FVs and that of the clade of mammalian, avian, and serpentine FVs. This was accomplished by using the recently established time-dependent rate phenomenon models, inferred using mainly the knowledge of the co-speciation history between FVs and mammals. It was found that the estimated timescales matched very well with those of reptiles. Combined with the observed phylogenetic patterns, these results suggested that FVs likely co-speciated with ancient reptilian animals, but later jumped to a protomammal and/or a bird, which ultimately gave rise to mammalian and avian FVs. These results contribute to our understanding of FV emergence, specifically the emergence of mammalian and avian FVs, and provide new insights into how FVs co-evolved with their non-mammalian vertebrate hosts in the distant past.
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spelling pubmed-69550962020-01-15 Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses Aiewsakun, Pakorn Virus Evol Research Article This study reports and characterises two novel distinct lineages of foamy viruses (FVs) in the forms of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Several closely related elements were found in the genome of oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) and other was found in the genome of spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis hardwickii), designated ERV-Spuma.N-Cbo (where 'N' runs from one to thirteen) and ERV-Spuma.1-Hha, respectively. This discovery of avian and serpentine endogenous FVs adds snakes, and perhaps more crucially, birds to the list of currently known hosts of FVs, in addition to mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. This indicates that FVs are, or at least were, capable of infecting all major lineages of vertebrates. Moreover, together with other FVs, phylogenetic analyses showed that both of them are most closely related to mammalian FVs. Further examination revealed that reptilian FVs form a deep paraphyletic group that is basal to mammalian and avian FVs, suggesting that there were multiple ancient FV cross-class transmissions among their hosts. Evolutionary timescales of various FV lineages were estimated in this study, in particular, the timescales of reptilian FVs and that of the clade of mammalian, avian, and serpentine FVs. This was accomplished by using the recently established time-dependent rate phenomenon models, inferred using mainly the knowledge of the co-speciation history between FVs and mammals. It was found that the estimated timescales matched very well with those of reptiles. Combined with the observed phylogenetic patterns, these results suggested that FVs likely co-speciated with ancient reptilian animals, but later jumped to a protomammal and/or a bird, which ultimately gave rise to mammalian and avian FVs. These results contribute to our understanding of FV emergence, specifically the emergence of mammalian and avian FVs, and provide new insights into how FVs co-evolved with their non-mammalian vertebrate hosts in the distant past. Oxford University Press 2020-01-12 /pmc/articles/PMC6955096/ /pubmed/31942244 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/vez057 Text en © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Aiewsakun, Pakorn
Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses
title Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses
title_full Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses
title_fullStr Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses
title_full_unstemmed Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses
title_short Avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses
title_sort avian and serpentine endogenous foamy viruses, and new insights into the macroevolutionary history of foamy viruses
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6955096/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31942244
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/vez057
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