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Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity

Influenza B viruses have circulated in humans for over 80 y, causing a significant disease burden. Two antigenically distinct lineages (“B/Victoria/2/87-like” and “B/Yamagata/16/88-like,” termed Victoria and Yamagata) emerged in the 1970s and have cocirculated since 2001. Since 2015 both lineages ha...

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Autores principales: Virk, Ramandeep K., Jayakumar, Jayanthi, Mendenhall, Ian H., Moorthy, Mahesh, Lam, Pauline, Linster, Martin, Lim, Julia, Lin, Cui, Oon, Lynette L. E., Lee, Hong Kai, Koay, Evelyn S. C., Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran, Smith, Gavin J. D., Su, Yvonne C. F.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: National Academy of Sciences 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6955377/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31843889
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916585116
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author Virk, Ramandeep K.
Jayakumar, Jayanthi
Mendenhall, Ian H.
Moorthy, Mahesh
Lam, Pauline
Linster, Martin
Lim, Julia
Lin, Cui
Oon, Lynette L. E.
Lee, Hong Kai
Koay, Evelyn S. C.
Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran
Smith, Gavin J. D.
Su, Yvonne C. F.
author_facet Virk, Ramandeep K.
Jayakumar, Jayanthi
Mendenhall, Ian H.
Moorthy, Mahesh
Lam, Pauline
Linster, Martin
Lim, Julia
Lin, Cui
Oon, Lynette L. E.
Lee, Hong Kai
Koay, Evelyn S. C.
Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran
Smith, Gavin J. D.
Su, Yvonne C. F.
author_sort Virk, Ramandeep K.
collection PubMed
description Influenza B viruses have circulated in humans for over 80 y, causing a significant disease burden. Two antigenically distinct lineages (“B/Victoria/2/87-like” and “B/Yamagata/16/88-like,” termed Victoria and Yamagata) emerged in the 1970s and have cocirculated since 2001. Since 2015 both lineages have shown unusually high levels of epidemic activity, the reasons for which are unclear. By analyzing over 12,000 influenza B virus genomes, we describe the processes enabling the long-term success and recent resurgence of epidemics due to influenza B virus. We show that following prolonged diversification, both lineages underwent selective sweeps across the genome and have subsequently taken alternate evolutionary trajectories to exhibit epidemic dominance, with no reassortment between lineages. Hemagglutinin deletion variants emerged concomitantly in multiple Victoria virus clades and persisted through epistatic mutations and interclade reassortment—a phenomenon previously only observed in the 1970s when Victoria and Yamagata lineages emerged. For Yamagata viruses, antigenic drift of neuraminidase was a major driver of epidemic activity, indicating that neuraminidase-based vaccines and cross-reactivity assays should be employed to monitor and develop robust protection against influenza B morbidity and mortality. Overall, we show that long-term diversification and infrequent selective sweeps, coupled with the reemergence of hemagglutinin deletion variants and antigenic drift of neuraminidase, are factors that contributed to successful circulation of diverse influenza B clades. Further divergence of hemagglutinin variants with poor cross-reactivity could potentially lead to circulation of 3 or more distinct influenza B viruses, further complicating influenza vaccine formulation and highlighting the urgent need for universal influenza vaccines.
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spelling pubmed-69553772020-01-14 Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity Virk, Ramandeep K. Jayakumar, Jayanthi Mendenhall, Ian H. Moorthy, Mahesh Lam, Pauline Linster, Martin Lim, Julia Lin, Cui Oon, Lynette L. E. Lee, Hong Kai Koay, Evelyn S. C. Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran Smith, Gavin J. D. Su, Yvonne C. F. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Biological Sciences Influenza B viruses have circulated in humans for over 80 y, causing a significant disease burden. Two antigenically distinct lineages (“B/Victoria/2/87-like” and “B/Yamagata/16/88-like,” termed Victoria and Yamagata) emerged in the 1970s and have cocirculated since 2001. Since 2015 both lineages have shown unusually high levels of epidemic activity, the reasons for which are unclear. By analyzing over 12,000 influenza B virus genomes, we describe the processes enabling the long-term success and recent resurgence of epidemics due to influenza B virus. We show that following prolonged diversification, both lineages underwent selective sweeps across the genome and have subsequently taken alternate evolutionary trajectories to exhibit epidemic dominance, with no reassortment between lineages. Hemagglutinin deletion variants emerged concomitantly in multiple Victoria virus clades and persisted through epistatic mutations and interclade reassortment—a phenomenon previously only observed in the 1970s when Victoria and Yamagata lineages emerged. For Yamagata viruses, antigenic drift of neuraminidase was a major driver of epidemic activity, indicating that neuraminidase-based vaccines and cross-reactivity assays should be employed to monitor and develop robust protection against influenza B morbidity and mortality. Overall, we show that long-term diversification and infrequent selective sweeps, coupled with the reemergence of hemagglutinin deletion variants and antigenic drift of neuraminidase, are factors that contributed to successful circulation of diverse influenza B clades. Further divergence of hemagglutinin variants with poor cross-reactivity could potentially lead to circulation of 3 or more distinct influenza B viruses, further complicating influenza vaccine formulation and highlighting the urgent need for universal influenza vaccines. National Academy of Sciences 2020-01-07 2019-12-16 /pmc/articles/PMC6955377/ /pubmed/31843889 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916585116 Text en Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Biological Sciences
Virk, Ramandeep K.
Jayakumar, Jayanthi
Mendenhall, Ian H.
Moorthy, Mahesh
Lam, Pauline
Linster, Martin
Lim, Julia
Lin, Cui
Oon, Lynette L. E.
Lee, Hong Kai
Koay, Evelyn S. C.
Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran
Smith, Gavin J. D.
Su, Yvonne C. F.
Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
title Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
title_full Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
title_fullStr Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
title_full_unstemmed Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
title_short Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
title_sort divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza b viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
topic Biological Sciences
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6955377/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31843889
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916585116
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