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Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019
Immersion vaccines are used for a variety of aquacultured fish to protect against infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. During immersion vaccination the antigens are taken up by the skin, gills or gut and processed by the immune system, where the resulting response may lead to protecti...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6955699/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31795391 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120627 |
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author | Bøgwald, Jarl Dalmo, Roy A. |
author_facet | Bøgwald, Jarl Dalmo, Roy A. |
author_sort | Bøgwald, Jarl |
collection | PubMed |
description | Immersion vaccines are used for a variety of aquacultured fish to protect against infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. During immersion vaccination the antigens are taken up by the skin, gills or gut and processed by the immune system, where the resulting response may lead to protection. The lack of classical secondary responses following repeated immersion vaccination may partly be explained by the limited uptake of antigens by immersion compared to injection. Administration of vaccines depends on the size of the fish. In most cases, immersion vaccination is inferior to injection vaccination with regard to achieved protection. However, injection is problematic in small fish, and fry as small as 0.5 gram may be immersion vaccinated when they are considered adaptively immunocompetent. Inactivated vaccines are, in many cases, weakly immunogenic, resulting in low protection after immersion vaccination. Therefore, during recent years, several studies have focused on different ways to augment the efficacy of these vaccines. Examples are booster vaccination, administration of immunostimulants/adjuvants, pretreatment with low frequency ultrasound, use of live attenuated and DNA vaccines, preincubation in hyperosmotic solutions, percutaneous application of a multiple puncture instrument and application of more suitable inactivation chemicals. Electrostatic coating with positively charged chitosan to obtain mucoadhesive vaccines and a more efficient delivery of inactivated vaccines has also been successful. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6955699 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69556992020-01-23 Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019 Bøgwald, Jarl Dalmo, Roy A. Microorganisms Review Immersion vaccines are used for a variety of aquacultured fish to protect against infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. During immersion vaccination the antigens are taken up by the skin, gills or gut and processed by the immune system, where the resulting response may lead to protection. The lack of classical secondary responses following repeated immersion vaccination may partly be explained by the limited uptake of antigens by immersion compared to injection. Administration of vaccines depends on the size of the fish. In most cases, immersion vaccination is inferior to injection vaccination with regard to achieved protection. However, injection is problematic in small fish, and fry as small as 0.5 gram may be immersion vaccinated when they are considered adaptively immunocompetent. Inactivated vaccines are, in many cases, weakly immunogenic, resulting in low protection after immersion vaccination. Therefore, during recent years, several studies have focused on different ways to augment the efficacy of these vaccines. Examples are booster vaccination, administration of immunostimulants/adjuvants, pretreatment with low frequency ultrasound, use of live attenuated and DNA vaccines, preincubation in hyperosmotic solutions, percutaneous application of a multiple puncture instrument and application of more suitable inactivation chemicals. Electrostatic coating with positively charged chitosan to obtain mucoadhesive vaccines and a more efficient delivery of inactivated vaccines has also been successful. MDPI 2019-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC6955699/ /pubmed/31795391 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120627 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Bøgwald, Jarl Dalmo, Roy A. Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019 |
title | Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019 |
title_full | Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019 |
title_fullStr | Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019 |
title_full_unstemmed | Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019 |
title_short | Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019 |
title_sort | review on immersion vaccines for fish: an update 2019 |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6955699/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31795391 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120627 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT bøgwaldjarl reviewonimmersionvaccinesforfishanupdate2019 AT dalmoroya reviewonimmersionvaccinesforfishanupdate2019 |