Spectroscopic and Computational Evidence that [FeFe] Hydrogenases Operate Exclusively with CO-Bridged Intermediates

[Image: see text] [FeFe] hydrogenases are extremely active H(2)-converting enzymes. Their mechanism remains highly controversial, in particular, the nature of the one-electron and two-electron reduced intermediates called H(red)H(+) and H(sred)H(+). In one model, the H(red)H(+) and H(sred)H(+) states contain a semibridging CO, while in the other model, the bridging CO is replaced by a bridging hydride. Using low-temperature IR spectroscopy and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy, together with density functional theory calculations, we show that the bridging CO is retained in the H(sred)H(+) and H(red)H(+) states in the [FeFe] hydrogenases from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, respectively. Furthermore, there is no evidence for a bridging hydride in either state. These results agree with a model of the catalytic cycle in which the H(red)H(+) and H(sred)H(+) states are integral, catalytically competent components. We conclude that proton-coupled electron transfer between the two subclusters is crucial to catalysis and allows these enzymes to operate in a highly efficient and reversible manner.