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Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula

AIMS: The oases of Baja California Peninsula (BCP) have been proposed as important hotspots of biodiversity that hold an exceptional richness in the middle of desert conditions. We tested the effect of habitat and anthropogenic disturbance on communities of cavity‐nesting taxa, with specific emphasi...

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Autores principales: Falcón‐Brindis, Armando, Jiménez Jiménez, María Luisa, Rodríguez‐Estrella, Ricardo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6972840/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31993124
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5927
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author Falcón‐Brindis, Armando
Jiménez Jiménez, María Luisa
Rodríguez‐Estrella, Ricardo
author_facet Falcón‐Brindis, Armando
Jiménez Jiménez, María Luisa
Rodríguez‐Estrella, Ricardo
author_sort Falcón‐Brindis, Armando
collection PubMed
description AIMS: The oases of Baja California Peninsula (BCP) have been proposed as important hotspots of biodiversity that hold an exceptional richness in the middle of desert conditions. We tested the effect of habitat and anthropogenic disturbance on communities of cavity‐nesting taxa, with specific emphasis on bees, wasps, and their natural enemies. METHODS: In oases of BCP and desert neighbor environments, trap‐nesting taxa were evaluated in response to factors affecting the nest abundance, richness, and community structure. We used statistical models to find correlates of nest abundance and patterns of diversity, as well as ecological analyses to determine the effect of habitat and human disturbance on species diversity and community structure. RESULTS: Solar irradiation, distance to a perennial waterbody and relative humidity influenced the presence of nests, number of brood cells, and parasitism. In general, abundance, species richness, and parasitism were higher in oases, especially in those with less human disturbance. Bees did not discriminate between oases and deserts to nest, whereas mud‐daubing wasps were more dependent of oases. The degree of anthropogenic disturbance did not affect the occurrence of parasitism, but it had an adverse effect on the parasitism intensity (number of attacked cells). The community structure was more complex and even in oases and low‐disturbed sites. The similarity between sites did not exceed 30%, and the proportion of shared species between oases and deserts varied from 2.7% to 26.6%. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The oases of Baja California are functioning as mesic islands in the desert, each oasis hosting a unique community of cavity‐nesting taxa. About 65% of the nests and 50% of species occurred exclusively in the oasis. Thus, cavity‐nesting species that depend on mesic conditions could be threatened if the oases of BCP disappear in the future. Local conditions in the oases and deserts of the BCP are shaping the community structure. However, large‐scale factors such as climate can influence the seasonality and occurrence of species within the community of cavity‐nesting dwellers. Since habitat loss and fragmentation can degrade the oases’ functionality, strategies to maintain the ecosystem services of pollination and biological control should be included in the conservation programs of these fragile habitats.
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spelling pubmed-69728402020-01-28 Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula Falcón‐Brindis, Armando Jiménez Jiménez, María Luisa Rodríguez‐Estrella, Ricardo Ecol Evol Original Research AIMS: The oases of Baja California Peninsula (BCP) have been proposed as important hotspots of biodiversity that hold an exceptional richness in the middle of desert conditions. We tested the effect of habitat and anthropogenic disturbance on communities of cavity‐nesting taxa, with specific emphasis on bees, wasps, and their natural enemies. METHODS: In oases of BCP and desert neighbor environments, trap‐nesting taxa were evaluated in response to factors affecting the nest abundance, richness, and community structure. We used statistical models to find correlates of nest abundance and patterns of diversity, as well as ecological analyses to determine the effect of habitat and human disturbance on species diversity and community structure. RESULTS: Solar irradiation, distance to a perennial waterbody and relative humidity influenced the presence of nests, number of brood cells, and parasitism. In general, abundance, species richness, and parasitism were higher in oases, especially in those with less human disturbance. Bees did not discriminate between oases and deserts to nest, whereas mud‐daubing wasps were more dependent of oases. The degree of anthropogenic disturbance did not affect the occurrence of parasitism, but it had an adverse effect on the parasitism intensity (number of attacked cells). The community structure was more complex and even in oases and low‐disturbed sites. The similarity between sites did not exceed 30%, and the proportion of shared species between oases and deserts varied from 2.7% to 26.6%. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The oases of Baja California are functioning as mesic islands in the desert, each oasis hosting a unique community of cavity‐nesting taxa. About 65% of the nests and 50% of species occurred exclusively in the oasis. Thus, cavity‐nesting species that depend on mesic conditions could be threatened if the oases of BCP disappear in the future. Local conditions in the oases and deserts of the BCP are shaping the community structure. However, large‐scale factors such as climate can influence the seasonality and occurrence of species within the community of cavity‐nesting dwellers. Since habitat loss and fragmentation can degrade the oases’ functionality, strategies to maintain the ecosystem services of pollination and biological control should be included in the conservation programs of these fragile habitats. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2019-12-17 /pmc/articles/PMC6972840/ /pubmed/31993124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5927 Text en © 2019 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Original Research
Falcón‐Brindis, Armando
Jiménez Jiménez, María Luisa
Rodríguez‐Estrella, Ricardo
Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula
title Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula
title_full Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula
title_fullStr Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula
title_full_unstemmed Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula
title_short Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula
title_sort islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of baja california peninsula
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6972840/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31993124
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5927
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