The P2X(7) receptor tracer [(11)C]SMW139 as an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis: a first-in man study

PURPOSE: The novel PET tracer [(11)C]SMW139 binds with high affinity to the P2X(7) receptor, which is expressed on pro-inflammatory microglia. The purposes of this first in-man study were to characterise pharmacokinetics of [(11)C]SMW139 in patients with active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and healthy controls (HC) and to evaluate its potential to identify in vivo neuroinflammation in RRMS. METHODS: Five RRMS patients and 5 age-matched HC underwent 90-min dynamic [(11)C]SMW139 PET scans, with online continuous and manual arterial sampling to generate a metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. Tissue time activity curves were fitted to single- and two-tissue compartment models, and the model that provided the best fits was determined using the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS: The optimal model for describing [(11)C]SMW139 kinetics in both RRMS and HC was a reversible two-tissue compartment model with blood volume parameter and with the dissociation rate k(4) fixed to the whole-brain value. Exploratory group level comparisons demonstrated an increased volume of distribution (V(T)) and binding potential (BP(ND)) in RRMS compared with HC in normal appearing brain regions. BP(ND) in MS lesions was decreased compared with non-lesional white matter, and a further decrease was observed in gadolinium-enhancing lesions. In contrast, increased V(T) was observed in enhancing lesions, possibly resulting from disruption of the blood-brain barrier in active MS lesions. In addition, there was a high correlation between parameters obtained from 60- to 90-min datasets, although analyses using 60-min data led to a slight underestimation in regional V(T) and BP(ND) values. CONCLUSIONS: This first in-man study demonstrated that uptake of [(11)C]SMW139 can be quantified with PET using BP(ND) as a measure for specific binding in healthy controls and RRMS patients. Additional studies are warranted for further clinical evaluation of this novel neuroinflammation tracer. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-019-04550-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.