Enhanced Antibacterial Property of Facet-Engineered TiO(2) Nanosheet in Presence and Absence of Ultraviolet Irradiation

Titania (TiO(2)) has attracted much attention recently for reducing bacterial diseases by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV irradiation. However, demand for higher photocatalytic activity due to higher recombination of electron and hole remains. The aims of this study were to make titania with higher antibacterial property and show the mechanisms of the bactericidal effect. In this study, we hydrothermally synthesized TiO(2) nanosheets (NS) with highly-oriented structures. Samples were divided into five groups, depending on the fluorine/titanium ratio in the raw material, namely NS1.0, NS1.2, NS1.5, NS1.8, and NS2.0. Facet ratio and nanosheet size increased with an increase of fluorine/titanium ratio. The photocatalytic activity of TiO(2) nanosheet was assessed by the generation of ROS. Hydroxyl radicals and superoxides were generated efficiently by ultraviolet light irradiation on NS1.5 and NS1.0, respectively. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was assessed in the presence and absence of UV irradiation; NS1.0 showed superior antibacterial properties compared to commercially available TiO(2) nanoparticles, under both conditions, due to the oxidation of intracellular components and cell membrane. These results together suggested TiO(2) nanosheet induced bacterial cell death by oxidation, and TiO(2) facet engineering resulted in enhancement of both photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of TiO(2).