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Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health
The Maillard reaction is a simple but ubiquitous reaction that occurs both in vivo and ex vivo during the cooking or processing of foods under high-temperature conditions, such as baking, frying, or grilling. Glycation of proteins is a post-translational modification that forms temporary adducts, wh...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6995512/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31861217 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9120888 |
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author | Gill, Vidhu Kumar, Vijay Singh, Kritanjali Kumar, Ashok Kim, Jong-Joo |
author_facet | Gill, Vidhu Kumar, Vijay Singh, Kritanjali Kumar, Ashok Kim, Jong-Joo |
author_sort | Gill, Vidhu |
collection | PubMed |
description | The Maillard reaction is a simple but ubiquitous reaction that occurs both in vivo and ex vivo during the cooking or processing of foods under high-temperature conditions, such as baking, frying, or grilling. Glycation of proteins is a post-translational modification that forms temporary adducts, which, on further crosslinking and rearrangement, form permanent residues known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs. This review underlines the basis of AGE formation and their corresponding deleterious effects on the body. Glycated Maillard products have a direct association with the pathophysiology of some metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), acute renal failure (ARF), Alzheimer’s disease, dental health, allergies, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The most glycated and structurally abundant protein is collagen, which acts as a marker for diabetes and aging, where decreased levels indicate reduced skin elasticity. In diabetes, high levels of AGEs are associated with carotid thickening, ischemic heart disease, uremic cardiomyopathy, and kidney failure. AGEs also mimic hormones or regulate/modify their receptor mechanisms at the DNA level. In women, a high AGE diet directly correlates with high levels of androgens, anti-Müllerian hormone, insulin, and androstenedione, promoting ovarian dysfunction and/or infertility. Vitamin D3 is well-associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS and modulates steroidogenesis. It also exhibits a protective mechanism against the harmful effects of AGEs. This review elucidates and summarizes the processing of infant formula milk and the associated health hazards. Formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the newborn as a substitute for mother’s milk, formula milk is a rich source of primary adducts, such as carboxy-methyl lysine, which render an infant prone to inflammation, dementia, food allergies, and other diseases. We therefore recommend that understanding this post-translational modification is the key to unlocking the mechanisms and physiology of various metabolic syndromes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6995512 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69955122020-02-13 Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health Gill, Vidhu Kumar, Vijay Singh, Kritanjali Kumar, Ashok Kim, Jong-Joo Biomolecules Review The Maillard reaction is a simple but ubiquitous reaction that occurs both in vivo and ex vivo during the cooking or processing of foods under high-temperature conditions, such as baking, frying, or grilling. Glycation of proteins is a post-translational modification that forms temporary adducts, which, on further crosslinking and rearrangement, form permanent residues known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs. This review underlines the basis of AGE formation and their corresponding deleterious effects on the body. Glycated Maillard products have a direct association with the pathophysiology of some metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), acute renal failure (ARF), Alzheimer’s disease, dental health, allergies, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The most glycated and structurally abundant protein is collagen, which acts as a marker for diabetes and aging, where decreased levels indicate reduced skin elasticity. In diabetes, high levels of AGEs are associated with carotid thickening, ischemic heart disease, uremic cardiomyopathy, and kidney failure. AGEs also mimic hormones or regulate/modify their receptor mechanisms at the DNA level. In women, a high AGE diet directly correlates with high levels of androgens, anti-Müllerian hormone, insulin, and androstenedione, promoting ovarian dysfunction and/or infertility. Vitamin D3 is well-associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS and modulates steroidogenesis. It also exhibits a protective mechanism against the harmful effects of AGEs. This review elucidates and summarizes the processing of infant formula milk and the associated health hazards. Formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the newborn as a substitute for mother’s milk, formula milk is a rich source of primary adducts, such as carboxy-methyl lysine, which render an infant prone to inflammation, dementia, food allergies, and other diseases. We therefore recommend that understanding this post-translational modification is the key to unlocking the mechanisms and physiology of various metabolic syndromes. MDPI 2019-12-17 /pmc/articles/PMC6995512/ /pubmed/31861217 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9120888 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gill, Vidhu Kumar, Vijay Singh, Kritanjali Kumar, Ashok Kim, Jong-Joo Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health |
title | Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health |
title_full | Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health |
title_fullStr | Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health |
title_full_unstemmed | Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health |
title_short | Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health |
title_sort | advanced glycation end products (ages) may be a striking link between modern diet and health |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6995512/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31861217 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9120888 |
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