The Interplay between Retinal Pathways of Cholesterol Output and Its Effects on Mouse Retina

In mammalian retina, cholesterol excess is mainly metabolized to oxysterols by cytochromes P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) and 46A1 (CYP46A1) or removed on lipoprotein particles containing apolipoprotein E (APOE). In contrast, esterification by sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT) plays only a minor role in this process. Accordingly, retinal cholesterol levels are unchanged in Soat1(−/−) mice but are increased in Cyp27a1(−/−)Cyp46a1(−/−) and Apoe(−/−) mice. Herein, we characterized Cyp27a1(−/−)Cyp46a1(−/−)Soat1(−/−) and Cyp27a1(−/−)Cyp46a1(−/−)Apoe(−/−) mice. In the former, retinal cholesterol levels, anatomical gross structure, and vasculature were normal, yet the electroretinographic responses were impaired. Conversely, in Cyp27a1(−/−)Cyp46a1(−/−)Apoe(−/−) mice, retinal cholesterol levels were increased while anatomical structure and vasculature were unaffected with only male mice showing a decrease in electroretinographic responses. Sterol profiling, qRT-PCR, proteomics, and transmission electron microscopy mapped potential compensatory mechanisms in the Cyp27a1(−/−)Cyp46a1(−/−)Soat1(−/−) and Cyp27a1(−/−)Cyp46a1(−/−)Apoe(−/−) retina. These included decreased cholesterol biosynthesis along with enhanced formation of intra- and extracellular vesicles, possibly a reserve mechanism for lowering retinal cholesterol. In addition, there was altered abundance of proteins in Cyp27a1(−/−)Cyp46a1(−/−)Soat1(−/−) mice that can affect photoreceptor function, survival, and retinal energy homeostasis (glucose and fatty acid metabolism). Therefore, the levels of retinal cholesterol do not seem to predict retinal abnormalities, and it is rather the network of compensatory mechanisms that appears to determine retinal phenotype.