Clinical manifestation and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor‐associated cardiotoxicity

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), its ligand (PD‐L1), and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) have revolutionized cancer treatment by recovering the attack of T lymphocytes on the malignant cells. They have improved clinical outcomes dramatically in multiple types of advanced‐stage malignancies. Even though the tolerance and safety profiles are generally good, it has been widely reported that ICIs can cause severe or fatal immune‐related adverse events (irAEs), since the activated T lymphocytes are not specific for tumor cells. Cardiac irAEs appear to occur less frequently than irAEs in other organ systems but are notorious for high mortality. Here, we aim to identify and characterize the ICI‐associated cardiotoxicity and summarize the optional diagnosis and treatment strategies.