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Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment
The lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes deputed to cross-link collagen and elastin, shaping the structure and strength of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, many novel “non-canonical” functions, alternative substrates, and regulatory mechanisms have been described and are being conti...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000489/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31650200 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-019-02404-x |
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author | Tenti, Paolo Vannucci, Luca |
author_facet | Tenti, Paolo Vannucci, Luca |
author_sort | Tenti, Paolo |
collection | PubMed |
description | The lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes deputed to cross-link collagen and elastin, shaping the structure and strength of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, many novel “non-canonical” functions, alternative substrates, and regulatory mechanisms have been described and are being continuously elucidated. The activity of LOXs, therefore, appears to be integrated into a complex network of signals regulating many cell functions, including survival/proliferation/differentiation. Among these signaling pathways, TGF-β and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, in particular, cross-talk extensively with each other and with LOXs also initiating complex feedback loops which modulate the activity of LOXs and direct the remodeling of the ECM. A growing body of evidence indicates that LOXs are not only important in the homeostasis of the normal structure of the ECM, but are also implicated in the establishment and maturation of the tumor microenvironment. LOXs’ association with advanced and metastatic cancer is well established; however, there is enough evidence to support a significant role of LOXs in the transformation of normal epithelial cells, in the accelerated tumor development and the induction of invasion of the premalignant epithelium. A better understanding of LOXs and their interactions with the different elements of the tumor immune microenvironment will prove invaluable in the design of novel anti-tumor strategies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7000489 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70004892020-02-19 Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment Tenti, Paolo Vannucci, Luca Cancer Immunol Immunother Focussed Research Review The lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes deputed to cross-link collagen and elastin, shaping the structure and strength of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, many novel “non-canonical” functions, alternative substrates, and regulatory mechanisms have been described and are being continuously elucidated. The activity of LOXs, therefore, appears to be integrated into a complex network of signals regulating many cell functions, including survival/proliferation/differentiation. Among these signaling pathways, TGF-β and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, in particular, cross-talk extensively with each other and with LOXs also initiating complex feedback loops which modulate the activity of LOXs and direct the remodeling of the ECM. A growing body of evidence indicates that LOXs are not only important in the homeostasis of the normal structure of the ECM, but are also implicated in the establishment and maturation of the tumor microenvironment. LOXs’ association with advanced and metastatic cancer is well established; however, there is enough evidence to support a significant role of LOXs in the transformation of normal epithelial cells, in the accelerated tumor development and the induction of invasion of the premalignant epithelium. A better understanding of LOXs and their interactions with the different elements of the tumor immune microenvironment will prove invaluable in the design of novel anti-tumor strategies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2019-10-25 2020 /pmc/articles/PMC7000489/ /pubmed/31650200 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-019-02404-x Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
spellingShingle | Focussed Research Review Tenti, Paolo Vannucci, Luca Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment |
title | Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment |
title_full | Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment |
title_fullStr | Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment |
title_full_unstemmed | Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment |
title_short | Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment |
title_sort | lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment |
topic | Focussed Research Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000489/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31650200 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-019-02404-x |
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