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Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Waterlogged archaeological wood comes from submerged archaeological sites (in lake, sea, river, or wetland) or from land waterlogged sites. Even if the wooden object seems to have maintained the original size and shape, the wood is more or less severely decayed because of chemical and biological fac...

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Autores principales: Antonelli, Federica, Galotta, Giulia, Sidoti, Giancarlo, Zikeli, Florian, Nisi, Rossella, Davidde Petriaggi, Barbara, Romagnoli, Manuela
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000621/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32064250
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00032
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author Antonelli, Federica
Galotta, Giulia
Sidoti, Giancarlo
Zikeli, Florian
Nisi, Rossella
Davidde Petriaggi, Barbara
Romagnoli, Manuela
author_facet Antonelli, Federica
Galotta, Giulia
Sidoti, Giancarlo
Zikeli, Florian
Nisi, Rossella
Davidde Petriaggi, Barbara
Romagnoli, Manuela
author_sort Antonelli, Federica
collection PubMed
description Waterlogged archaeological wood comes from submerged archaeological sites (in lake, sea, river, or wetland) or from land waterlogged sites. Even if the wooden object seems to have maintained the original size and shape, the wood is more or less severely decayed because of chemical and biological factors which modify the normal ratio of cellulose and lignin in the cell wall. Drying procedures are necessary for the musealization but potentially cause severe shrinkages and collapses. The conservation practices focus not only on removing water from wood but also on substituting it with materials able to consolidate the degraded wood cell walls like polymers (e.g., PEG), sugars (e.g., lactitol), or resins (e.g., Kauramin). In the present work three different nano-scale consolidants were tested: lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) obtained form beech wood via a non-solvent method involving dialysis; bacterial nanocellulose (BC) obtained from cultures fed with agro-alimentary waste; cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) chemically extracted from native cellulose. Waterlogged archaeological wood samples of different species (oak, elm, stone pine, and silver fir) characterized by different levels of degradation were impregnated with the consolidants. The treatments efficiency was evaluated in terms of macroscopic observation of treated samples, anti-shrink efficiency (ASE) and equilibrium moisture content (EMC). The results obtained for the three consolidants showed substantial differences: LNPs and CNCs penetrated only about a millimeter inside the treated wood, while BC formed a compact layer on the surface of the cell walls throughout the thickness of the samples. In spite of successful BC penetration, physical evaluation of treatment efficiency showed that BC nanoparticles did not obtain a satisfying consolidation of the material. Based on the reported results more focused test protocols are optimized for future consolidation experiments.
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spelling pubmed-70006212020-02-14 Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Antonelli, Federica Galotta, Giulia Sidoti, Giancarlo Zikeli, Florian Nisi, Rossella Davidde Petriaggi, Barbara Romagnoli, Manuela Front Chem Chemistry Waterlogged archaeological wood comes from submerged archaeological sites (in lake, sea, river, or wetland) or from land waterlogged sites. Even if the wooden object seems to have maintained the original size and shape, the wood is more or less severely decayed because of chemical and biological factors which modify the normal ratio of cellulose and lignin in the cell wall. Drying procedures are necessary for the musealization but potentially cause severe shrinkages and collapses. The conservation practices focus not only on removing water from wood but also on substituting it with materials able to consolidate the degraded wood cell walls like polymers (e.g., PEG), sugars (e.g., lactitol), or resins (e.g., Kauramin). In the present work three different nano-scale consolidants were tested: lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) obtained form beech wood via a non-solvent method involving dialysis; bacterial nanocellulose (BC) obtained from cultures fed with agro-alimentary waste; cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) chemically extracted from native cellulose. Waterlogged archaeological wood samples of different species (oak, elm, stone pine, and silver fir) characterized by different levels of degradation were impregnated with the consolidants. The treatments efficiency was evaluated in terms of macroscopic observation of treated samples, anti-shrink efficiency (ASE) and equilibrium moisture content (EMC). The results obtained for the three consolidants showed substantial differences: LNPs and CNCs penetrated only about a millimeter inside the treated wood, while BC formed a compact layer on the surface of the cell walls throughout the thickness of the samples. In spite of successful BC penetration, physical evaluation of treatment efficiency showed that BC nanoparticles did not obtain a satisfying consolidation of the material. Based on the reported results more focused test protocols are optimized for future consolidation experiments. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-01-29 /pmc/articles/PMC7000621/ /pubmed/32064250 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00032 Text en Copyright © 2020 Antonelli, Galotta, Sidoti, Zikeli, Nisi, Davidde Petriaggi and Romagnoli. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Chemistry
Antonelli, Federica
Galotta, Giulia
Sidoti, Giancarlo
Zikeli, Florian
Nisi, Rossella
Davidde Petriaggi, Barbara
Romagnoli, Manuela
Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
title Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
title_full Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
title_fullStr Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
title_full_unstemmed Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
title_short Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
title_sort cellulose and lignin nano-scale consolidants for waterlogged archaeological wood
topic Chemistry
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000621/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32064250
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00032
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