Associations between migraine occurrence and the effect of aura, age at onset, family history, and sex: A cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION: The relationships between family history, sex, age at onset, and migraine occurrence have been documented. However, the associations between these factors across different sexes and subgroups of patients have yet to be elucidated. This study evaluated the association between family history and migraine in male and female patients experiencing episodic and chronic migraine with and without aura. METHODS: This cross-sectional, case–control study included 299 headache-free controls and 885 patients receiving outpatient treatment for migraine. Participants were classified into episodic (1–14 days/month) and chronic (≥15 days/month) migraine groups. RESULTS: Positive family history was significantly more frequently observed in the episodic group than in the chronic group (49.5% vs. 26%; P < 0.001) in male patients, particularly in male patients without aura (50.3% vs. 21.9%; P = 0.003); it was less frequently observed (58.7% vs. 73.7%; P = 0.048) in female patients with aura. Family history was correlated with an earlier age at onset (20.7 years vs. 22.8 years; P = 0.002), particularly in patients without aura (21 years vs. 23.7 years; P = 0.002), who were women (20.9 years vs. 23.9 years; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Different patterns of association between family history and migraine can be observed between men and women. A positive family history of migraine is correlated with an earlier age at onset, particularly among female patients without aura.