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Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method

The accurate and automated determination of small earthquake (M(L) < 3.0) locations is still a challenging endeavor due to low signal-to-noise ratio in data. However, such information is critical for monitoring seismic activity and assessing potential hazards. In particular, earthquakes caused by...

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Autores principales: Zhang, Xiong, Zhang, Jie, Yuan, Congcong, Liu, Sen, Chen, Zhibo, Li, Weiping
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005003/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32029857
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58908-5
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author Zhang, Xiong
Zhang, Jie
Yuan, Congcong
Liu, Sen
Chen, Zhibo
Li, Weiping
author_facet Zhang, Xiong
Zhang, Jie
Yuan, Congcong
Liu, Sen
Chen, Zhibo
Li, Weiping
author_sort Zhang, Xiong
collection PubMed
description The accurate and automated determination of small earthquake (M(L) < 3.0) locations is still a challenging endeavor due to low signal-to-noise ratio in data. However, such information is critical for monitoring seismic activity and assessing potential hazards. In particular, earthquakes caused by industrial injection have become a public concern, and regulators need a solid capability for estimating small earthquakes that may trigger the action requirements for operators to follow in real time. In this study, we develop a fully convolutional network and locate earthquakes induced during oil and gas operations in Oklahoma with data from 30 network stations. The network is trained by 1,013 cataloged events (M(L) ≥ 3.0) as base data along with augmented data accounting for smaller events (3.0 > M(L) ≥ 0.5), and the output is a 3D volume of the event location probability in the Earth. The prediction results suggest that the mean epicenter errors of the testing events (M(L) ≥ 1.5) vary from 3.7 to 6.4 km, meeting the need of the traffic light system in Oklahoma, but smaller events (M(L) = 1.0, 0.5) show errors larger than 11 km. Synthetic tests suggest that the accuracy of ground truth from catalog affects the prediction results. Correct ground truth leads to a mean epicenter error of 2.0 km in predictions, but adding a mean location error of 6.3 km to ground truth causes a mean epicenter error of 4.9 km. The automated system is able to distinguish certain interfered events or events out of the monitoring zone based on the output probability estimate. It requires approximately one hundredth of a second to locate an event without the need for any velocity model or human interference.
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spelling pubmed-70050032020-02-14 Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method Zhang, Xiong Zhang, Jie Yuan, Congcong Liu, Sen Chen, Zhibo Li, Weiping Sci Rep Article The accurate and automated determination of small earthquake (M(L) < 3.0) locations is still a challenging endeavor due to low signal-to-noise ratio in data. However, such information is critical for monitoring seismic activity and assessing potential hazards. In particular, earthquakes caused by industrial injection have become a public concern, and regulators need a solid capability for estimating small earthquakes that may trigger the action requirements for operators to follow in real time. In this study, we develop a fully convolutional network and locate earthquakes induced during oil and gas operations in Oklahoma with data from 30 network stations. The network is trained by 1,013 cataloged events (M(L) ≥ 3.0) as base data along with augmented data accounting for smaller events (3.0 > M(L) ≥ 0.5), and the output is a 3D volume of the event location probability in the Earth. The prediction results suggest that the mean epicenter errors of the testing events (M(L) ≥ 1.5) vary from 3.7 to 6.4 km, meeting the need of the traffic light system in Oklahoma, but smaller events (M(L) = 1.0, 0.5) show errors larger than 11 km. Synthetic tests suggest that the accuracy of ground truth from catalog affects the prediction results. Correct ground truth leads to a mean epicenter error of 2.0 km in predictions, but adding a mean location error of 6.3 km to ground truth causes a mean epicenter error of 4.9 km. The automated system is able to distinguish certain interfered events or events out of the monitoring zone based on the output probability estimate. It requires approximately one hundredth of a second to locate an event without the need for any velocity model or human interference. Nature Publishing Group UK 2020-02-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7005003/ /pubmed/32029857 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58908-5 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Article
Zhang, Xiong
Zhang, Jie
Yuan, Congcong
Liu, Sen
Chen, Zhibo
Li, Weiping
Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method
title Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method
title_full Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method
title_fullStr Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method
title_full_unstemmed Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method
title_short Locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in Oklahoma via a deep learning method
title_sort locating induced earthquakes with a network of seismic stations in oklahoma via a deep learning method
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005003/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32029857
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58908-5
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