A Novel α(IIb)β(3) Antagonist from Snake Venom Prevents Thrombosis without Causing Bleeding

Life-threatening thrombocytopenia and bleeding, common side effects of clinically available α(IIb)β(3) antagonists, are associated with the induction of ligand-induced integrin conformational changes and exposure of ligand-induced binding sites (LIBSs). To address this issue, we examined intrinsic mechanisms and structure–activity relationships of purified disintegrins, from Protobothrops flavoviridis venom (i.e., Trimeresurus flavoviridis), TFV-1 and TFV-3 with distinctly different pro-hemorrhagic tendencies. TFV-1 with a different α(IIb)β(3) binding epitope from that of TFV-3 and chimeric 7E3 Fab, i.e., Abciximab, decelerates α(IIb)β(3) ligation without causing a conformational change in α(IIb)β(3), as determined with the LIBS antibody, AP5, and the mimetic, drug-dependent antibody (DDAb), AP2, an inhibitory monoclonal antibody raised against α(IIb)β(3). Consistent with their different binding epitopes, a combination of TFV-1 and AP2 did not induce FcγRIIa-mediated activation of the ITAM–Syk–PLCγ2 pathway and platelet aggregation, in contrast to the clinical antithrombotics, abciximab, eptifibatide, and disintegrin TFV-3. Furthermore, TFV-1 selectively inhibits Gα(13)-mediated platelet aggregation without affecting talin-driven clot firmness, which is responsible for physiological hemostatic processes. At equally efficacious antithrombotic dosages, TFV-1 caused neither severe thrombocytopenia nor bleeding in FcγRIIa-transgenic mice. Likewise, it did not induce hypocoagulation in human whole blood in the rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) assay used in perioperative situations. In contrast, TFV-3 and eptifibatide exhibited all of these hemostatic effects. Thus, the α(IIb)β(3) antagonist, TFV-1, efficaciously prevents arterial thrombosis without adversely affecting hemostasis.