The Effect of Training on Erythrocyte Energy Status and Plasma Purine Metabolites in Athletes

This study aimed to assess the changes in red blood cell (RBC) energy status and plasma purine metabolites concentration over a one-year training cycle in endurance-trained (EN; n = 11, 20–26 years), and sprint-trained (SP; n = 11, 20–30 years) competitive athletes in comparison to recreationally-trained individuals (RE; n = 11, 20–26 years). Somatic, physiological, and biochemical variables were measured in four training phases differing in exercise load profile: transition, general, specific, and competition. Significantly highest values of RBC adenylate energy charge (AEC; p ≤ 0.001), ATP-to-ADP and ADP-to-AMP ratios (p ≤ 0.05), and plasma levels of adenosine (Ado; p ≤ 0.05) were noted in the competition phase in the EN and SP, but not in the RE group. Significantly lowest plasma levels of adenosine diphosphate (ADP; p ≤ 0.05), adenosine monophosphate (AMP; p ≤ 0.001), inosine (Ino; p ≤ 0.001), and hypoxanthine (Hx; p ≤ 0.001) accompanied by higher erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity (p ≤ 0.001), were observed in the competition phase in both athletic groups. No significant alterations were found in the erythrocyte concentration of guanine nucleotides in any group. In conclusion, periodized training of competitive athletes’ results in a favorable adaptation of RBC metabolism. The observed changes cover improved RBC energy status (increased AEC and ATP/ADP ratio) and reduced purine loss with more efficient erythrocyte purine pool recovery (increased HGPRT activity and plasma levels of Ado; decreased Hx and Ino concentration).