Synthesis of Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Biopolymers to Eliminate Fluorides from Water

The fluoride content in groundwater varies depending on geological configuration. Fluoride problems tend to occur in places where these minerals are most abundant in rocks. The objective of the present work was to synthesize four biopolymers based on chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (Ch-PVA) cross-linked with sodium tripolyphosphate pentabasic (TPP) and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) and determine their ability to remove fluoride from water. The characterization of the Ch-PVA beads was performed by way of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The percentage of humidity and the point of zero charge were determined. The Ch-PVA beads showed a surface area of 63.87 m(2) g(−1), a pore size of 7.6 nm, a point of zero charge of 7.4, and 98.6% humidity. The kinetic adsorption study was adjusted to the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption equilibrium data were adjusted to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, showing a maximum fluoride adsorption capacity of 12.64 mg g(−1) at pH 7 and 30 °C, for the beads of Ch-PVA-NaOH-TPP. According to the thermodynamic parameters: −∆G°, +∆H° and −∆S°, fluoride adsorption is spontaneous, endothermic in nature and there is no random energy change in the solid/liquid interface during the adsorption process.