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Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis

Over the last century, the alarming surge in allergy and autoimmune disease has led to the hypothesis that decreasing exposure to microbes, which has accompanied industrialization and modern life in the Western world, has fundamentally altered the immune response. In its current iteration, the “hygi...

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Autores principales: Apostol, April C., Jensen, Kirk D. C., Beaudin, Anna E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7026678/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32117273
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00123
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author Apostol, April C.
Jensen, Kirk D. C.
Beaudin, Anna E.
author_facet Apostol, April C.
Jensen, Kirk D. C.
Beaudin, Anna E.
author_sort Apostol, April C.
collection PubMed
description Over the last century, the alarming surge in allergy and autoimmune disease has led to the hypothesis that decreasing exposure to microbes, which has accompanied industrialization and modern life in the Western world, has fundamentally altered the immune response. In its current iteration, the “hygiene hypothesis” suggests that reduced microbial exposures during early life restricts the production and differentiation of immune cells suited for immune regulation. Although it is now well-appreciated that the increase in hypersensitivity disorders represents a “perfect storm” of many contributing factors, we argue here that two important considerations have rarely been explored. First, the window of microbial exposure that impacts immune development is not limited to early childhood, but likely extends into the womb. Second, restricted microbial interactions by an expectant mother will bias the fetal immune system toward hypersensitivity. Here, we extend this discussion to hypothesize that the cell types sensing microbial exposures include fetal hematopoietic stem cells, which drive long-lasting changes to immunity.
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spelling pubmed-70266782020-02-28 Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis Apostol, April C. Jensen, Kirk D. C. Beaudin, Anna E. Front Immunol Immunology Over the last century, the alarming surge in allergy and autoimmune disease has led to the hypothesis that decreasing exposure to microbes, which has accompanied industrialization and modern life in the Western world, has fundamentally altered the immune response. In its current iteration, the “hygiene hypothesis” suggests that reduced microbial exposures during early life restricts the production and differentiation of immune cells suited for immune regulation. Although it is now well-appreciated that the increase in hypersensitivity disorders represents a “perfect storm” of many contributing factors, we argue here that two important considerations have rarely been explored. First, the window of microbial exposure that impacts immune development is not limited to early childhood, but likely extends into the womb. Second, restricted microbial interactions by an expectant mother will bias the fetal immune system toward hypersensitivity. Here, we extend this discussion to hypothesize that the cell types sensing microbial exposures include fetal hematopoietic stem cells, which drive long-lasting changes to immunity. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-02-11 /pmc/articles/PMC7026678/ /pubmed/32117273 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00123 Text en Copyright © 2020 Apostol, Jensen and Beaudin. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Apostol, April C.
Jensen, Kirk D. C.
Beaudin, Anna E.
Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis
title Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis
title_full Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis
title_fullStr Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis
title_full_unstemmed Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis
title_short Training the Fetal Immune System Through Maternal Inflammation—A Layered Hygiene Hypothesis
title_sort training the fetal immune system through maternal inflammation—a layered hygiene hypothesis
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7026678/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32117273
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00123
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