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Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm
The microtubule and actin cytoskeletons generate forces essential to position centrosomes, nuclei, and spindles for division plane specification. While the largest body of work has documented force exertion at, or close to the cell surface, mounting evidence suggests that cytoskeletal polymers can a...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2020
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7031414/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32117991 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00069 |
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author | Xie, Jing Minc, Nicolas |
author_facet | Xie, Jing Minc, Nicolas |
author_sort | Xie, Jing |
collection | PubMed |
description | The microtubule and actin cytoskeletons generate forces essential to position centrosomes, nuclei, and spindles for division plane specification. While the largest body of work has documented force exertion at, or close to the cell surface, mounting evidence suggests that cytoskeletal polymers can also produce significant forces directly from within the cytoplasm. Molecular motors such as kinesin or dynein may for instance displace cargos and endomembranes in the viscous cytoplasm yielding friction forces that pull or push microtubules. Similarly, the dynamics of bulk actin assembly/disassembly or myosin-dependent contractions produce cytoplasmic forces which influence the spatial organization of cells in a variety of processes. We here review the molecular and physical mechanisms supporting bulk cytoplasmic force generation by the cytoskeleton, their limits and relevance to organelle positioning, with a particular focus on cell division. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7031414 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70314142020-02-28 Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm Xie, Jing Minc, Nicolas Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology The microtubule and actin cytoskeletons generate forces essential to position centrosomes, nuclei, and spindles for division plane specification. While the largest body of work has documented force exertion at, or close to the cell surface, mounting evidence suggests that cytoskeletal polymers can also produce significant forces directly from within the cytoplasm. Molecular motors such as kinesin or dynein may for instance displace cargos and endomembranes in the viscous cytoplasm yielding friction forces that pull or push microtubules. Similarly, the dynamics of bulk actin assembly/disassembly or myosin-dependent contractions produce cytoplasmic forces which influence the spatial organization of cells in a variety of processes. We here review the molecular and physical mechanisms supporting bulk cytoplasmic force generation by the cytoskeleton, their limits and relevance to organelle positioning, with a particular focus on cell division. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-02-13 /pmc/articles/PMC7031414/ /pubmed/32117991 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00069 Text en Copyright © 2020 Xie and Minc. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cell and Developmental Biology Xie, Jing Minc, Nicolas Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm |
title | Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm |
title_full | Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm |
title_fullStr | Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm |
title_full_unstemmed | Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm |
title_short | Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm |
title_sort | cytoskeleton force exertion in bulk cytoplasm |
topic | Cell and Developmental Biology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7031414/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32117991 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00069 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT xiejing cytoskeletonforceexertioninbulkcytoplasm AT mincnicolas cytoskeletonforceexertioninbulkcytoplasm |