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Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology
Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia play a major role in global drug trade and abuse. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants has increased in the past decade in Malaysia. This study aimed to apply wastewater-based epidemiology for the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to estimate the consum...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7036889/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32023897 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030889 |
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author | Du, Peng Liu, Xin Zhong, Guangcai Zhou, Zilei Thomes, Margaret William Lee, Choon Weng Bong, Chui Wei Zhang, Xuan Hao, Fanghua Li, Xiqing Zhang, Gan Thai, Phong K. |
author_facet | Du, Peng Liu, Xin Zhong, Guangcai Zhou, Zilei Thomes, Margaret William Lee, Choon Weng Bong, Chui Wei Zhang, Xuan Hao, Fanghua Li, Xiqing Zhang, Gan Thai, Phong K. |
author_sort | Du, Peng |
collection | PubMed |
description | Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia play a major role in global drug trade and abuse. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants has increased in the past decade in Malaysia. This study aimed to apply wastewater-based epidemiology for the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to estimate the consumption of common illicit drugs in urban population. Influent wastewater samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Kuala Lumpur in the summer of 2017. Concentrations of twenty-four drug biomarkers were analyzed for estimating drug consumption. Fourteen drug residues were detected with concentrations of up to 1640 ng/L. Among the monitored illicit drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy had the highest estimated per capita consumptions. Consumption and dose of amphetamine-type stimulants (methamphetamine and MDMA) were both an order of magnitude higher than those of opioids (heroin and codeine, methadone and tramadol). Amphetamine-type stimulants were the most prevalent drugs, replacing opioids in the drug market. The prevalence trend measured by wastewater-based epidemiology data reflected the shift to amphetamine-type stimulants as reported by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Narcotics Cooperation Center. Most of the undetected drug residues were new psychoactive substances (NPSs), suggesting a low prevalence of NPSs in the drug market. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7036889 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70368892020-03-11 Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology Du, Peng Liu, Xin Zhong, Guangcai Zhou, Zilei Thomes, Margaret William Lee, Choon Weng Bong, Chui Wei Zhang, Xuan Hao, Fanghua Li, Xiqing Zhang, Gan Thai, Phong K. Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia play a major role in global drug trade and abuse. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants has increased in the past decade in Malaysia. This study aimed to apply wastewater-based epidemiology for the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to estimate the consumption of common illicit drugs in urban population. Influent wastewater samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Kuala Lumpur in the summer of 2017. Concentrations of twenty-four drug biomarkers were analyzed for estimating drug consumption. Fourteen drug residues were detected with concentrations of up to 1640 ng/L. Among the monitored illicit drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy had the highest estimated per capita consumptions. Consumption and dose of amphetamine-type stimulants (methamphetamine and MDMA) were both an order of magnitude higher than those of opioids (heroin and codeine, methadone and tramadol). Amphetamine-type stimulants were the most prevalent drugs, replacing opioids in the drug market. The prevalence trend measured by wastewater-based epidemiology data reflected the shift to amphetamine-type stimulants as reported by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Narcotics Cooperation Center. Most of the undetected drug residues were new psychoactive substances (NPSs), suggesting a low prevalence of NPSs in the drug market. MDPI 2020-01-31 2020-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7036889/ /pubmed/32023897 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030889 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Du, Peng Liu, Xin Zhong, Guangcai Zhou, Zilei Thomes, Margaret William Lee, Choon Weng Bong, Chui Wei Zhang, Xuan Hao, Fanghua Li, Xiqing Zhang, Gan Thai, Phong K. Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology |
title | Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology |
title_full | Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology |
title_fullStr | Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology |
title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology |
title_short | Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology |
title_sort | monitoring consumption of common illicit drugs in kuala lumpur, malaysia, by wastewater-cased epidemiology |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7036889/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32023897 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030889 |
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