Nutrient mTORC1 signaling underpins regulatory T cell control of immune tolerance

Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T reg) cells are pivotal regulators of immune tolerance, with T cell receptor (TCR)–driven activated T reg (aT reg) cells playing a central role; yet how TCR signaling propagates to control aT reg cell responses remains poorly understood. Here we show that TCR signaling induces expression of amino acid transporters, and renders amino acid–induced activation of mTORC1 in aT reg cells. T reg cell–specific ablation of the Rag family small GTPases RagA and RagB impairs amino acid–induced mTORC1 signaling, causing defective amino acid anabolism, reduced T reg cell proliferation, and a rampant autoimmune disorder similar in severity to that triggered by T reg cell–specific TCR deficiency. Notably, T reg cells in peripheral tissues, including tumors, are more sensitive to Rag GTPase–dependent nutrient sensing. Ablation of RagA alone impairs T reg cell accumulation in the tumor, resulting in enhanced antitumor immunity. Thus, nutrient mTORC1 signaling is an essential component of TCR-initiated T reg cell reprogramming, and Rag GTPase activities may be titrated to break tumor immune tolerance.