Assessment of Ambient Air Toxics and Wood Smoke Pollution among Communities in Sacramento County

Ambient air monitoring and phone survey data were collected in three environmental justice (EJ) and three non-EJ communities in Sacramento County during winter 2016–2017 to understand the differences in air toxics and in wood smoke pollution among communities. Concentrations of six hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and black carbon (BC) from fossil fuel (BC(ff)) were significantly higher at EJ communities versus non-EJ communities. BC from wood burning (BC(wb)) was significantly higher at non-EJ communities. Correlation analysis indicated that the six HAPs were predominantly from fossil fuel combustion sources, not from wood burning. The HAPs were moderately variable across sites (coefficient of divergence (COD) range of 0.07 for carbon tetrachloride to 0.28 for m- and p-xylenes), while BC(ff) and BC(wb) were highly variable (COD values of 0.46 and 0.50). The BC(wb) was well correlated with levoglucosan (R(2) of 0.68 to 0.95), indicating that BC(wb) was a robust indicator for wood burning. At the two permanent monitoring sites, wood burning comprised 29–39% of the fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) on nights when PM(2.5) concentrations were forecasted to be high. Phone survey data were consistent with study measurements; the only significant difference in the survey results among communities were that non-EJ residents burn with indoor devices more often than EJ residents.