Modulation of the immune microenvironment by tumor-intrinsic oncogenic signaling

The development of cancer immunotherapies has been guided by advances in our understanding of the dynamics between tumor cells and immune populations. An emerging consensus is that immune control of tumors is mediated by cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, which directly recognize and kill tumor cells. The critical role of T cells in tumor control has been underscored by preclinical and clinical studies that observed that T cell presence is positively correlated with patient response to checkpoint blockade therapy. However, the vast majority of patients do not respond or develop resistance, frequently associated with exclusion of T cells from the tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on tumor cell–intrinsic alterations that blunt productive anti-tumor immune responses by directly or indirectly excluding effector CD8(+) T cells from the tumor microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between tumors and the immune response holds the promise for increasing the response to current immunotherapies via the development of rational novel combination treatments.