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A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface
Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) have been extensively utilized to develop brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) due to the advantages of robustness, large number of commands, high classification accuracies, and information transfer rates (ITRs). However, the use of several simultaneous fli...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7039291/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32046131 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030891 |
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author | Mannan, Malik M. Naeem Kamran, M. Ahmad Kang, Shinil Choi, Hak Soo Jeong, Myung Yung |
author_facet | Mannan, Malik M. Naeem Kamran, M. Ahmad Kang, Shinil Choi, Hak Soo Jeong, Myung Yung |
author_sort | Mannan, Malik M. Naeem |
collection | PubMed |
description | Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) have been extensively utilized to develop brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) due to the advantages of robustness, large number of commands, high classification accuracies, and information transfer rates (ITRs). However, the use of several simultaneous flickering stimuli often causes high levels of user discomfort, tiredness, annoyingness, and fatigue. Here we propose to design a stimuli-responsive hybrid speller by using electroencephalography (EEG) and video-based eye-tracking to increase user comfortability levels when presented with large numbers of simultaneously flickering stimuli. Interestingly, a canonical correlation analysis (CCA)-based framework was useful to identify target frequency with a 1 s duration of flickering signal. Our proposed BCI-speller uses only six frequencies to classify forty-eight targets, thus achieve greatly increased ITR, whereas basic SSVEP BCI-spellers use an equal number of frequencies to the number of targets. Using this speller, we obtained an average classification accuracy of 90.35 ± 3.597% with an average ITR of 184.06 ± 12.761 bits per minute in a cued-spelling task and an ITR of 190.73 ± 17.849 bits per minute in a free-spelling task. Consequently, our proposed speller is superior to the other spellers in terms of targets classified, classification accuracy, and ITR, while producing less fatigue, annoyingness, tiredness and discomfort. Together, our proposed hybrid eye tracking and SSVEP BCI-based system will ultimately enable a truly high-speed communication channel. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7039291 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70392912020-03-09 A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface Mannan, Malik M. Naeem Kamran, M. Ahmad Kang, Shinil Choi, Hak Soo Jeong, Myung Yung Sensors (Basel) Article Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) have been extensively utilized to develop brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) due to the advantages of robustness, large number of commands, high classification accuracies, and information transfer rates (ITRs). However, the use of several simultaneous flickering stimuli often causes high levels of user discomfort, tiredness, annoyingness, and fatigue. Here we propose to design a stimuli-responsive hybrid speller by using electroencephalography (EEG) and video-based eye-tracking to increase user comfortability levels when presented with large numbers of simultaneously flickering stimuli. Interestingly, a canonical correlation analysis (CCA)-based framework was useful to identify target frequency with a 1 s duration of flickering signal. Our proposed BCI-speller uses only six frequencies to classify forty-eight targets, thus achieve greatly increased ITR, whereas basic SSVEP BCI-spellers use an equal number of frequencies to the number of targets. Using this speller, we obtained an average classification accuracy of 90.35 ± 3.597% with an average ITR of 184.06 ± 12.761 bits per minute in a cued-spelling task and an ITR of 190.73 ± 17.849 bits per minute in a free-spelling task. Consequently, our proposed speller is superior to the other spellers in terms of targets classified, classification accuracy, and ITR, while producing less fatigue, annoyingness, tiredness and discomfort. Together, our proposed hybrid eye tracking and SSVEP BCI-based system will ultimately enable a truly high-speed communication channel. MDPI 2020-02-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7039291/ /pubmed/32046131 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030891 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Mannan, Malik M. Naeem Kamran, M. Ahmad Kang, Shinil Choi, Hak Soo Jeong, Myung Yung A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface |
title | A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface |
title_full | A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface |
title_fullStr | A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface |
title_full_unstemmed | A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface |
title_short | A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface |
title_sort | hybrid speller design using eye tracking and ssvep brain–computer interface |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7039291/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32046131 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030891 |
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