Spondyloarthritis patients with and without intestinal symptoms – searching for discriminating biomarkers

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is often complicated with subclinical gut inflammation. This study was aimed at searching for biomarkers discriminating SpA patients with and without intestinal symptoms. A group of 29 SpA patients and 33 healthy volunteers (control) were included in the study. Based on clinical evaluation, the patient cohort was subdivided into two groups: 1) SpA accompanied by various intestinal symptoms suggesting gut inflammation (group 2, n = 14) and 2) without such complications (group 1, n = 15). Serum concentrations of interleukins (IL) (IL-10, IL-17A/F, IL-22, IL-23), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), bone-homeostasis-related factors (osteoprotegerin – OPG and Dickkopf-1 – DKK-1), and the concentrations of selected gut inflammation-associated factors (intestinal fatty acid binding protein – iFABP, claudin 3 – CLDN3 and calprotectin) in samples of sera and/or urine or stool, respectively, were measured by specific ELISA. Serum concentrations of tested factors were similar in SpA patients and control. Faecal calprotectin level was higher in patients but did not discriminate between group 1 and 2. Compared to group 1, group 2 was characterized by elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), higher serum CLDN3 and DKK-1 levels. In SpA patients, serum DKK-1 concentrations correlated with systemic inflammation markers (R = 0.6, p < 0.01), while serum CLDN3 was found to be an independent risk factor (OR = 4.5, p = 0.021) for the occurrence of intestinal symptoms. We conclude that in SpA patients, up-regulated circulating levels of CLDN3 seem to be related to intestinal complication, while the quantity of circulating DKK-1 reflects the intensity of systemic inflammation.