Serotonin activates glycolysis and mitochondria biogenesis in human breast cancer cells through activation of the Jak1/STAT3/ERK1/2 and adenylate cyclase/PKA, respectively

BACKGROUND: Although produced by several types of tumours, the role of serotonin on cancer biology is yet to be understood. METHODS: The effects of serotonin (5-HT) on human breast cancer cells proliferation, signalling pathways and metabolic profile were evaluated by cytometry, western blotting, qPCR, enzymology and confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Our results revealed that incubation of MCF-7 cells with 10 µM 5-HT increased cell growth rate by 28%, an effect that was prevented by the 5-HTR(2A/C) antagonist, ketanserin. Conversely, increasing concentrations of 5-HT promoted glucose consumption and lactate production by MCF-7 cells. We also showed that increased glucose metabolism is provoked by the upregulation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) isoform through 5-HTR(2A/C)-triggered activation of Jak1/STAT3 and ERK1/2 subcellular pathways. However, we noticed a decrease in the rate of produced lactate per consumed glucose as a function of the hormone concentration, suggesting a disruption of the Warburg effect. The latter effect is due to 5-HTR(2A/C)-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism, which is triggered by adenylyl cyclase/PKA, enhancing the oxidation of lactate within these cells. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that serotonin, through 5-HTR(2A/C), interferes with breast cancer cells proliferation and metabolism by triggering two distinct signalling pathways: Jak1/STAT3 that boosts glycolysis through upregulation of PKM2, and adenylyl cyclase/PKA that enhances mitochondrial biogenesis.