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NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD
Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported dr...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054380/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32174803 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00078 |
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author | Zawilska, Jolanta B. Kacela, Monika Adamowicz, Piotr |
author_facet | Zawilska, Jolanta B. Kacela, Monika Adamowicz, Piotr |
author_sort | Zawilska, Jolanta B. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported drugs from this group are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. NBOMe compounds are ultrapotent and highly efficacious agonists of serotonin 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors (Ki values in low nanomolar range) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT(2A) compared with 5-HT(1A). They display higher affinity for 5-HT(2A) receptors than their 2C counterparts and have markedly lower affinity, potency, and efficacy at the 5-HT(2B) receptor compared to 5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(2C). The drugs are sold as blotter papers, or in powder, liquid, or tablet form, and they are administered sublingually/buccally, intravenously, via nasal insufflations, or by smoking. Since their introduction in the early 2010s, numerous reports have been published on clinical intoxications and fatalities resulting from the consumption of NBOMe compounds. Commonly observed adverse effects include visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic and fear, agitation, uncontrollable violent behavior, seizures, excited delirium, and sympathomimetic signs such mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. Rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan failure were also reported. This survey provides an updated overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, metabolism, and desired effects associated with NBOMe use. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. As the analysis of NBOMes in biological materials can be challenging even for laboratories applying modern sensitive techniques, this paper also presents the analytical methods most commonly used for detection and identification of NBOMes and their metabolites. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7054380 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70543802020-03-13 NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD Zawilska, Jolanta B. Kacela, Monika Adamowicz, Piotr Front Neurosci Neuroscience Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported drugs from this group are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. NBOMe compounds are ultrapotent and highly efficacious agonists of serotonin 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors (Ki values in low nanomolar range) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT(2A) compared with 5-HT(1A). They display higher affinity for 5-HT(2A) receptors than their 2C counterparts and have markedly lower affinity, potency, and efficacy at the 5-HT(2B) receptor compared to 5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(2C). The drugs are sold as blotter papers, or in powder, liquid, or tablet form, and they are administered sublingually/buccally, intravenously, via nasal insufflations, or by smoking. Since their introduction in the early 2010s, numerous reports have been published on clinical intoxications and fatalities resulting from the consumption of NBOMe compounds. Commonly observed adverse effects include visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic and fear, agitation, uncontrollable violent behavior, seizures, excited delirium, and sympathomimetic signs such mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. Rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan failure were also reported. This survey provides an updated overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, metabolism, and desired effects associated with NBOMe use. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. As the analysis of NBOMes in biological materials can be challenging even for laboratories applying modern sensitive techniques, this paper also presents the analytical methods most commonly used for detection and identification of NBOMes and their metabolites. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-02-26 /pmc/articles/PMC7054380/ /pubmed/32174803 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00078 Text en Copyright © 2020 Zawilska, Kacela and Adamowicz. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Zawilska, Jolanta B. Kacela, Monika Adamowicz, Piotr NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD |
title | NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD |
title_full | NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD |
title_fullStr | NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD |
title_full_unstemmed | NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD |
title_short | NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD |
title_sort | nbomes–highly potent and toxic alternatives of lsd |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7054380/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32174803 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00078 |
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