Suggestive diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in indigenous children and adolescents from the Brazilian Amazon

The prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms has been scarcely studied in indigenous cultures that preserve ancestral cultural characteristics. The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence of suggestive diagnosis of ADHD among indigenous children and adolescents from villages in the Amazon. This is an analytical cross-sectional study using instruments to track ADHD symptoms (the Child Behaviour Checklist for ages 6–18: CBCL/6–18 and the teacher report form for ages 6–18: TRF/6–18) and to investigate their negative impact on the patients (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—SDQ). The prevalence of a suggestive ADHD diagnosis according to the CBCL/TRF DSM-IV ADHD subscale without and with negative impact as assessed by the SDQ was 4.3% and 1.1%, respectively. Comorbid oppositional-defiant, conduct problems and anxious symptoms were present in all cases screening positive for ADHD. We also presented a case report as an illustration of the observed clinical presentation. ADHD is a recognizable disorder even in a culture that preserves millennial characteristics. Furthermore, the presence of ADHD symptoms was associated with significant impairment.