Ecological changes with minor effect initiate evolution to delayed regime shifts

Regime shifts have been documented in a variety of natural and social systems. These abrupt transitions produce dramatic shifts in the composition and functioning of social-ecological systems. Existing theory on ecosystem resilience has only considered regime shifts to be caused by changes in external conditions beyond a tipping point and therefore lacks an evolutionary perspective. In this study we show how a change in external conditions has little ecological effect and does not push the system beyond a tipping point. The change therefore does not cause an immediate regime shift, but instead triggers an evolutionary process that drives a phenotypic trait beyond a tipping point, thereby resulting after a substantial delay in a selection-induced regime shift. Our finding draws attention to the fact that regime shifts observed in the present may result from changes in the distant past and highlights the need for integrating evolutionary dynamics into the theoretical foundation for ecosystem resilience.