Risk factors for death from hand–foot–mouth disease: a meta-analysis

In recent years, outbreaks of hand–foot–mouth disease (HFMD) in China, Singapore and other Western Pacific Region, involving millions of children, have become a big threat to public health. This study aimed to quantitatively assess all qualified studies and identify the risk factors for HFMD death. A systematic search of the databases PubMed, Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library was performed. Study heterogeneity and publication bias were estimated. Seven case–control studies involving 1641 participants (634 died and 1007 survived) were included in the meta-analysis. Human enterovirus 71 infection, male, age ⩽3 years, vomiting, cyanosis, convulsion, duration of fever ⩾3 days, atypical rashes and abdominal distention were not significantly related to HFMD death (P ⩽ 0.05). Lethargy (odds ratio (OR) = 6.62; 95% CI 3.61–12.14; I(2) = 0%; P < 0.0001), pneumonoedema/pneumorrhagia (OR = 4.09; 95% CI 2.44–6.87; I(2) = 0%; P < 0.0001), seizures (OR = 6.85; 95% CI 2.37–19.74; I(2) = 0%; P = 0.0004), dyspnoea (OR = 8.24; 95% CI 2.05–33.19; I(2) = 83%; P = 0.003) and coma (OR = 3.76; 95% CI 1.85–7.67; I(2) = 0%; P = 0.0003) were significantly associated with HFMD death, which were risk factors for HFMD death.