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Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt

We tested a feminist social-ecological model to understand community influences on daughters’ experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) in Egypt, where over 90% of women ages 15–49 are cut. FGMC has potential adverse effects on demographic and health outcomes and has been defined as a h...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Yount, Kathryn M., Cheong, Yuk Fai, Grose, Rose Grace, Hayford, Sarah R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7059929/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32142530
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229917
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author Yount, Kathryn M.
Cheong, Yuk Fai
Grose, Rose Grace
Hayford, Sarah R.
author_facet Yount, Kathryn M.
Cheong, Yuk Fai
Grose, Rose Grace
Hayford, Sarah R.
author_sort Yount, Kathryn M.
collection PubMed
description We tested a feminist social-ecological model to understand community influences on daughters’ experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) in Egypt, where over 90% of women ages 15–49 are cut. FGMC has potential adverse effects on demographic and health outcomes and has been defined as a human-rights violation. However, an integrated multilevel-level framework is lacking. We theorized that a more favorable community-level gender system, including stronger gender norms opposing FGMC and expanded extra-familial opportunities for women in the village or neighborhood, would be associated with a daughter’s lower risk of FGMC and would strengthen the negative association of a mother’s opposition to FGMC with her daughter’s risk of cutting. Using a national sample of 14,171 mother-daughter dyads from the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, we estimated multilevel discrete-time hazard models to test these relationships. Community gender norms opposing FGMC had significant direct, negative associations with the hazard that a daughter was cut, but women’s opportunities outside the family did not. Maternal opposition to FGMC was negatively associated with cutting a daughter, and these associations were stronger where community opposition to FGMC and opportunities for women were greater. Results provided good support for a gender-systems framework of the multilevel influences on FGMC. Integrated, multilevel interventions that address gender norms about FGMC and structural opportunities for women in the community, as well as beliefs about the practice among the mothers of at-risk daughters, may be needed for sustainable declines in the practice.
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spelling pubmed-70599292020-03-12 Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt Yount, Kathryn M. Cheong, Yuk Fai Grose, Rose Grace Hayford, Sarah R. PLoS One Research Article We tested a feminist social-ecological model to understand community influences on daughters’ experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) in Egypt, where over 90% of women ages 15–49 are cut. FGMC has potential adverse effects on demographic and health outcomes and has been defined as a human-rights violation. However, an integrated multilevel-level framework is lacking. We theorized that a more favorable community-level gender system, including stronger gender norms opposing FGMC and expanded extra-familial opportunities for women in the village or neighborhood, would be associated with a daughter’s lower risk of FGMC and would strengthen the negative association of a mother’s opposition to FGMC with her daughter’s risk of cutting. Using a national sample of 14,171 mother-daughter dyads from the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, we estimated multilevel discrete-time hazard models to test these relationships. Community gender norms opposing FGMC had significant direct, negative associations with the hazard that a daughter was cut, but women’s opportunities outside the family did not. Maternal opposition to FGMC was negatively associated with cutting a daughter, and these associations were stronger where community opposition to FGMC and opportunities for women were greater. Results provided good support for a gender-systems framework of the multilevel influences on FGMC. Integrated, multilevel interventions that address gender norms about FGMC and structural opportunities for women in the community, as well as beliefs about the practice among the mothers of at-risk daughters, may be needed for sustainable declines in the practice. Public Library of Science 2020-03-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7059929/ /pubmed/32142530 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229917 Text en © 2020 Yount et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Yount, Kathryn M.
Cheong, Yuk Fai
Grose, Rose Grace
Hayford, Sarah R.
Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt
title Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt
title_full Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt
title_fullStr Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt
title_full_unstemmed Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt
title_short Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt
title_sort community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: multilevel findings from egypt
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7059929/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32142530
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229917
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